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语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编.docx 文档编号:11545316上传时间:2023-03-19格式:DOCX页数:16大小:38.67KB语言学练习语言学教程胡壮麟主编 Exerciseoflinguistics语言学练习(语言学教程胡壮麟主编) IExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish. 1.Homonymy同音(或同形)异义关系: Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalledhomonymy.,i.e.differentwordsareidentical(相同的)insoundorspelling,orinboth. 例: forinstance,1)同形异义词homographs: cloze[kləuz]----close [kləuz],sow/səʊ/----sow/soʊ/(US);2)同音异义词homophones: flower----flour,dear---deer,etc.3)同形同音词perfecthomonyms: angle---angle,bank---bank. 2.predicationanalysis(述谓分析法)(语义分析)isanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.Predicationistobreakdownthesentenceintotheirsmallerconstituents: argument(logicalparticipant)andpredicate(relationelement).Thepredicateisthemajororpivotalelementgoverningtheargument.(instance) 3tenorofdiscourse(话语意旨)The“tenorofdiscourse”isaboutthevariationrelatingto,orresultingfrom,whattheuseristryingtodowithlanguage,suchasteaching,persuading,advertising,instructing,etc.Thegenericsituationofadiscourseisoftendeterminedintermsoftenorofdiscourse.Forexample,anadvertisementisbydefinitionanattempttopersuadethroughlinguisticandvisualmeans,andasermonisdesignedtoexhortandteach. 4.Arbitrariness任意性: referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignshavenonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thereisnologicconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/(1.3.1) 5.Performance(语言运用): thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.(1.9.4)Aspeaker’slanguageperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.(nervousness,) 6.Dysphonia(语言障碍)isthemedicaltermfordisordersofthevoice: animpairmentintheabilitytoproducevoicesoundsusingthevocalorgansThus,dysphoniaisaphonation(发声)disorder.Thedysphonicvoicecanbehoarseorweak,orexcessivelybreathy,harsh,orrough,butsomekindofphonationisstillpossible(contrastedwiththemoresevereaphoniawherephonationisimpossible). 7.ReceivedPronunciation(标准发音P34)isawayofpronouncingBritishEnglishthatisoftenusedasastandardintheTeachingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage.TheabbreviationRPisalsoused.(ManypeoplealsocallitBBCEnglish,OxfordEnglish.ItisalsowidelyusedinpublicschoolsandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.) 8.endocentricconstruction(向心结构): isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinableCENTREorHEAD.(4.2.3.1)usually,nounphrases,verbphrasesandadjectivephrasesbelongtoendocentrictypes.Suchasthesetwooldstonebridges,willbeleaving,verylate. 9.Homogram(同形异义异源词)awordwhichhasthesamespellingasanotherbutdifferentmeaning,derivation,orpronunciation.Sameas"homograph".'Bow'meaningthefrontofaship,'bow'meaningaloopmadeinastringorribbonand'bow'meaningadeviceusedtoshootarrowsareallhomograms. 10.mannerofdiscourse(话语方式): isthelinguisticreflectionoftherelationshipbetweenthelanguageuserandthemediumoftransmission.Languageiseitherspokenorwritten.Spokenlanguagemaybespontaneousorprepared,andwrittenlanguagemaybespokenortoberead. 11.Allophone音位变体: variantsofthesamephoneme.Iftwoormorephoneticallydifferentsoundsdonotmakeacontrastinmeaning,theyaresaidtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.Tobeallophones,theymustbeincomplementarydistributionandbearphoneticsimilarity.Ex.inthewords/pit//tip//spit/,thedifferent/p/’saretheallophonesofthesamephoneme/p/. 12.designfeature结构特征: thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguageofanimals.(Therearearbitrariness,duality,productivity,displacement,culturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.) 13.Synchronic共时性: synchronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime,usuallybutnotnecessarilythepresent,(asifitstoppeddeveloping).Forexample,anessayentitled“OntheUseofTHE”maybesynchroniciftheauthordoesnotrecallthepastofTHE. 14.Diachronic历时性: saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.(Diachronicstudyisthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.)forexample,theessay“OntheUseofTHE”maybediachroniciftheauthorclaimstocoveralargerangeorperiodoftimewhereinTHEhasundergonetremendousalteration 15.competence语言能力: AccordingtoN.Chomsky,“competence”istheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentenceamtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities. 16.Performance语用能力: thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.Speaker’sperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors. 17.Langue语言: F.deSaussurerefers“langue”totheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic. 18.Parole言语: F.deSaussurerefers“parole”totheactuallanguage,ortherealizationoflangue.Paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation,anditisanaturallyoccurringevent.ForSaussure,paroleisamassofconfusingfacts,thusnotsuitedforsystematicinvestigation. 19.Phonology音系学: thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur. 20Consonant辅音: amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction, 21.Vowel元音: amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose. 22.distinctivefeatures区别特征: ameansofworkingoutasetofphonologicalcontrastsoroppositionstocaptureparticularaspectsoflanguagesounds,firstsuggestedbyRomanJacobsoninthe1940sandthendevelopedbynumerousotherpeople. 23.IPA国际音标: asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.ItwastoconsistofasmanyRomanalphabetaspossible,usingnewlettersanddiacriticsonlywhenabsolutelynecessary.Thelatestversionhasbeenrevisedin1993andupdatedin2005,seep.28. 24.morpheme语素: thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forexample,theword“tourists”containsthreemorphemes.Thereisoneminimalunitofmeaning,tour,anotherminimalunitofmeaning-ist(meaning"personwhodoessomething"),andaminimalunitofgrammaticalfunction-s(indicatingplural). 25.Inflection屈折变化: isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached, 26.root词根: referstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Intheword“internationalism”,aftertheremovalofinter-,-aland-ism,thepartleftistherootnation. 27loanword借词: theborrowingofaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightchange,insomecases,tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.Forinstance,Englishborrowedaupair,encore,coupd'etatandothersfromFrench,alfresco(intheopenair)fromItalian,teafromChinese,sputnikfromRussianandmoccasin(atypeofshoe)fromanAmericanIndianlanguage. 28Loanshift转移借词: isaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.Forexample,theItalianpontemeans"bridge"intheliteralsense,whenitreferstoatypeofcardgame,themeaningwasborrowedfromEnglish. 29Loanblend混合借词: isaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.Forexample,thefirstpartsofthewordscocnutandChina-townfromSpanishandChineserespectively,butthesecondpartsareoftheEnglishorigin, 30Assimilation同化: referstothechangeofasoundbytheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled"contact"or"contiguous"接近assimilation.Theassimilationprocessesasworkcouldbeexplainedbythe“theoryofleasteffort”;thatis,inspeakingwetendtouseaslittleeffortsaspossiblesothatwedonotwanttovarytoooftentheplacesofarticulationinutteringasequenceofsounds.Assimilationtakesplaceinquickspeechveryoften.Forinstance,inexpressionsuchasimmoral,illegal,impolite,thenegativeprefixesim-,il-orir-shouldbein-etymologically.Sometimesassimilationmayoccurbetweentwosoundsthatarenotfarseparated.Forinstance,discussingshortly(/s/becomes/ʃ/)andconfoundit(/ə/becomes/au/).Thisiscalled"noncontiguous"or"distantassimilation.”P21 31Dissimilation异化: referstotheinfluenceofonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanther,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent,Forexample: marbre(French)--marbleperegrinus(Latin)—pilgrim. 32category范畴: Thetermcategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Morespecifically, |
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