0984翻译: 陈涉世家 (司马迁)Translation: Chen She Nobility Clan (Sima Qian)(translated by: alexcwlin; edited by: Adam Lam)

陈胜者，阳城人也，字涉。Chen Sheng, a native to Yangcheng, had another given name “She”.吴广者，阳夏人也，字叔。Wu Gang, a native to Yangxia, had another given name under “Shu”.陈涉少时，尝与人佣耕，辍耕之垄上，怅恨久之，曰：“苟富贵，无相忘。”When Chen She was young, he was a hired hand in farming along with other people. For a long time, he was indignant in disappointment and said: “If some day one of us gets rich, don’t forget the others.”佣者笑而应曰：“若为佣耕，何富贵也？”Another hired hand laughed and said: “If you’re a worker farmer, how could you get rich?”陈涉太息曰：“嗟乎！燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉！”Chen let out a long sigh and said: “Oh well, how could a swallow know what a swan has in aspiration?”-------------------------------------------------------------------二世元年七月，发闾左適戍渔阳，九百人屯大泽乡。In the seventh month of Qin Emperor II’s reign, poor folks were drafted to guard the frontier at Yuyang. Nine hundred people were stationed at Dazexiang.陈胜、吴广皆次当行，为屯长。Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were enlisted in the company and both of them were appointed as leaders of small units.会天大雨，道不通，度已失期。By happenstance, they ran into torrential rain. The road was impassable and they couldn’t arrive as scheduled.失期，法皆斩。In not meeting the deadline, they would all be punishable by beheading under the laws.陈胜、吴广乃谋曰 “今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎？”Chen and Wu plotted: “We die if we run. If we revolt, we die. We die in both cases. Could we die for the country?”陈胜曰：“天下苦秦久矣。吾闻二世少子也，不当立，当立者乃公子扶苏。Chen said: “The nation has suffered under the Qin reign for a long time. I’ve heard Qin the Second is the younger prince and he shouldn’t have succeeded the throne. The one who should is the oldest prince Fusu.扶苏以数谏故，上使外将兵。Fusu admonished the late Duke Qin several times, and the Duke dispatched him outside to command an army. 今或闻无罪，二世杀之。The word is he committed no wrong but Qin the Second executed him.百姓多闻其贤，未知其死也。The ordinary folks knew he was kind but they don’t know he is dead.项燕为楚将，数有功，爱士卒，楚人怜之。Xiang Yan was a general of Chu State who was credited with many merits. He took care of his soldiers and Chu people loved him.或以为死，或以为亡。Some assumed he died and others thought he was on the run. 今诚以吾众诈自称公子扶苏、项燕，为天下唱，宜多应者。”If we claim our group is the team of Fusu and Xiang Yan, and we initiated the action for the sake of the nation, then there should be many people in response.吴广以为然。乃行卜。Wu concurred with what he said and they went to ask for guidance of a fortune-teller.卜者知其指意，曰：“足下事皆成，有功。The fortune-teller knew what their intention was and said: “Your plans will work and you will build something.然足下卜之鬼乎！”However, you should seek the clairvoyance of the spirits!”陈胜、吴广喜，念鬼，曰：“此教我先威众耳。”Chen and Wu were thrilled. In contemplating the matter on spirits, they said: “This is only coaching us to instill fear in the people.”乃丹书帛曰: “陈胜王”，置人所罾鱼腹中。So, they used cinnabar to write on a fabric: “King Chen Sheng” and put it inside the belly of a fish which had been netted.卒买鱼烹食，得鱼腹中书，固以怪之矣。The soldiers bought the fish to be cooked for eating and obtained the fabric with the written words. Naturally they thought the incident was odd.又间令吴广之次所旁丛祠中，夜篝火，狐鸣呼曰：“大楚兴，陈胜王！”卒皆夜惊恐。Secretly, Wu was also instructed to go to the tree-shaded temple beside the soldiers’ camp-ground, carried a lit lantern, and howled mournfully like a fox: “Grand Chu will prosper and Chen Sheng will be king.” All the soldiers were frightened that night.旦日，卒中往往语，皆指目陈胜。On the next day, soldiers everywhere were chitchatting, and their finger-pointing and eye-signaling were all directed at Chen.-------------------------------------------------------------------吴广素爱人，士卒多为用者。All along, Wu had taken good care of the soldiers, and they all did what he said.将尉醉，广故数言欲亡，忿恚尉，令辱之，以激怒其众。One day a guardian officer was drunk. Wu repeatedly said he wanted to escape. That was intended to enrage the officer so that he would humiliate Wu and get those soldiers riled up. 尉果笞广。尉剑挺，广起，夺而杀尉。True to form, the officer lashed Wu and drew his sword. Wu jumped up, took the sword and killed the officer.陈胜佐之，并杀两尉。With the assistance of Chen, they killed two more officers.召令徒属曰: “公等遇雨，皆已失期，失期当斩。They then gathered those under their command and said: “All of you ran into rain and couldn’t arrive on time as scheduled. All those who get there late will be beheaded. 藉第令毋斩，而戍死者固十六七。Even if beheading could be avoided, yet six to seven out of ten people guarding the border will meet their doom.且壮士不死即已，死即举大名耳，王侯将相宁有种乎！”As a real man, all is well if he doesn’t die. But if he dies, he must make a name for himself. Surely nobody can be born as a duke, a count, a commander or a minister.”徒属皆曰：“敬受命。”All the followers said: “We’ll follow your order.”乃诈称公子扶苏、项燕，从民欲也。Then they deceptively claimed to be the team of Prince Fusu and Xiang Yan, and they came to fulfill the wishes of the people.袒右，称大楚。为坛而盟，祭以尉首。They all exposed their right arms as their hallmark and called themselves Grand Chu. They built an altar on which they pledged solidarity among themselves, and used the two heads of the guardian officers as sacrifice offerings to deities.陈胜自立为将军，吴广为都尉。Chen assigned himself to the post of Commander General and Wu as the Deputy Commander.攻大泽乡，收而攻蕲。They attacked Daze Township, recruited many volunteer soldiers, and then proceeded to Qi County.蕲下，乃令符离人葛婴将兵徇蕲以东。Upon taking over Qi, Chen ordered Ge Ying, a native of Fuli, to march eastward of Qi to talk people into surrendering.攻铚、酂、苦、柘、谯皆下之。He led an army to invade and took Zhi, Cuo, Hu, Zhe and Qiao. 行收兵，比至陈，车六七百乘，骑千余，卒数万人。They took in more men along the way. When they arrived at Chen, they had six to seven hundred chariots, a thousand plus cavalries, and a few tens of thousands of foot soldiers. 攻陈，陈守令皆不在，独守丞与战谯门中。When they attacked Chen County, both the Prefect and Magistrate were not there. Only the Deputy Magistrate and his men put up a fight at the city wall. 弗胜，守丞死，乃入据陈。They went down in defeat and the Deputy was killed. So, Chen and his troop entered Chen County.数日，号令召三老、豪杰与皆来会计事。A few days later, Chen summoned the three community seniors and other dignitaries for a meeting to talk things over.三老、豪杰皆曰: “将军身被坚执锐，伐无道，诛暴秦，复立楚国之社稷，功宜为王。”All those local people said: “General, with armor on body and weapon in hand, you took on the ruthless and brutal Qin State to resurrect the domain of Chu State. You merit the eminence of a duke.”陈涉乃立为王，号为张楚。Chen She therefore claimed the title of “Duke” and labeled his reign as “Zhang Chu”.当此时，诸郡县苦秦吏者，皆刑其长吏，杀之以应陈涉。At this time, county people who had suffered from the tyranny of local government officials came forward. They punished those officials and killed them in response to the call of Chen She.-------------------------------------------------------------------

白话译文

陈胜是，阳城人，字涉。吴广是，阳夏人，字叔。陈涉年轻时，曾同别人一起被雇佣给人耕地，停止耕作走到田埂高地上休息，因失望而叹息了许久，说：“如果有谁富贵了，不要忘记大家呀。一起耕作的同伴笑着回答说：“你一个受雇耕作的人，哪来的富贵呢？”陈胜长叹一声说：“唉！燕雀怎么能知道鸿鹄的志向呢？”秦二世元年七月，朝廷征发贫苦人民去驻守渔阳，九百人驻扎在大泽乡。陈胜、吴广都被编入谪戍的队伍里面，担任屯长。恰巧遇到天下大雨，道路不通，估计已经误期。误了期限。按（秦朝的）法律都应当斩首。陈胜、吴广于是商量说：“现在即使逃跑（被抓回来）也是死，发动起义也是死，同样是死，为国事而死可以吗？”陈胜说：“天下百姓受秦朝统治、逼迫已经很久了。我听说秦二世是始皇帝的小儿子，不应立为皇帝，应立的是公子扶苏。扶苏因为屡次劝谏，皇上派（他）在外面带兵。现在有人听说他没什么罪，秦二世却杀了他。老百姓大都听说他很贤明，而不知道他死了。项燕是楚国的将领，曾多次立下战功，又爱护士兵，楚国人都很爱戴他。有人认为他死了，有人认为他逃跑了。现在如果把我们的人假称是公子扶苏项燕的队伍，作为天下首发，应当会有很多响应的人。”吴广认为他讲得对。于是二人就去占卜（来预测吉凶）。占卜的人了解了他们的意图，说：“你们的大事都能成功，可以建立功业，然而你们把事情向鬼神卜问过吗？”陈胜、吴广很高兴，考虑卜鬼的事情，说：“这是教我们利用鬼神来威服众人罢了。”于是就用丹砂在绸子上写下：陈胜为王。”放在别人所捕的鱼的肚子里。士兵们买鱼回来烹食，发现鱼肚子里面的帛书，本来已经对这事感到奇怪了。陈胜又暗地里派吴广到驻地旁边丛林里的神庙中，在夜间提着灯笼，作狐狸嗥叫的凄厉的声音大喊：“大楚将兴，陈胜为王。”士兵们整夜惊恐不安。第二天，士兵们中间议论纷纷，只是指指点点，互相以目示意看着陈胜。吴广向来爱护士兵，士兵大多愿意听（他）差遣，（一天）押送戍卒的将尉喝醉了，吴广故意多次说想要逃跑，使将尉恼怒，让他侮辱自己，以便激怒那些士兵们。将尉果真用竹板打吴广。将尉拔剑出鞘想杀吴广，吴广跳起来，夺过利剑杀了将尉。陈胜帮助他，一起杀了两个将尉。（于是陈胜）召集并号令部属的人说：“你们诸位遇上大雨，都已误了期限，误期是要杀头的。假使仅能免于斩刑，可是去守卫边塞死掉的本来也会有十分之六七。况且壮士不死便罢了，要死就该成就伟大的名声啊，王侯将相难道有天生的贵种么？”部属的人都说：“愿意听从您的号令。”于是就假称是公子扶苏、项燕的队伍，顺从人民的愿望。个个露出右臂（作为起义的标志），号称大楚。用土筑成高台并在台上宣誓，用（两个）将尉的头祭天。陈胜自立为将军，吴广任都尉。他们攻打大泽乡，收编大泽乡的义军之后攻打蕲县。攻下蕲以后，就派符离人葛婴率军攻占蕲县以东的地方。陈胜则攻打铚、酂、苦柘、谯都攻占下来。行军中沿路收纳兵员，等到到达陈县，已有战车六七百辆，骑兵一千多，士兵好几万。攻陈县时，那里的郡守和县令都不在，只有守丞带兵在城门洞里同起义军作战。（守丞）不能取胜，兵败身死，起义军才进城占领了陈县。过了几天，陈胜下令召集、当地管教化的乡官和才能出众的乡绅一起来集会议事。“将军您亲身披着战甲，拿着锐利的武器，讨伐诛灭残暴无道的秦王朝，恢复建立楚国的江山，按照功劳应当称王。”陈胜于是被拥立为王，定国号叫张楚。在这时，各郡县中吃尽秦朝官吏苦头的百姓，都起来惩罚当地郡县长官，杀死他们来响应陈胜（的号召）。

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