一篇文章帮你搞定“独立主格结构”,通俗易懂 |
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独立主格结构 独立主格结构(absolute construction)是英语中难度比较大的一个语法问题,很多同学一碰到独立主格结构就懵了,今天Becky老师来为小可爱们答疑解惑了。 先看下面两个句子: 1. The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 2. Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 标红的部分就是独立主格结构,简单来说, 独立主格结构=名词/代词➕非谓语动词
这里,又出现了另外一个概念,就是非谓语,我给不清楚的同学们再讲一下,这个问题搞不清楚,英语作文里面就会出现很多语法错误。 在英语中,动词一般做谓语,谓语也都由动词来承担,所以我们常说谓语动词,对吧?所以不是谓语的动词就要改成非谓语动词。 通常,一个英语句子(这里指简单句、分句或者小句)里,只能有一个谓语,也就是只能有一个动词做谓语。如果在一个句子里,有两个及两个以上动词,那么只能有一个动词是谓语,其余动词都应该改为to do,doing 和done的非谓语形式。 有同学不禁要问了,为什么呀?为什么一个英语句子里只能有一个谓语呀? 不为什么,因为这就是英语语法的规定! 那么非谓语啥意思,顾名思义,就是这个词它虽然是动词,但在句子中不做谓语成分,但仍然有动词的意思,这种动词就叫非谓语。 比如:to buy,bought,和buying都有动词“买”的意思,但是这三种形式的“buy”在句子中并不做谓语成分。 举个例子 原文:他去超市买水果。 分析:这句话有两个动词“去”和“买”,汉语里可以有连动的用法,但英语和汉语有差别,我们把这句话翻译成英语的时候我们要把主要的动词翻译为谓语,次要的动词翻译为非谓语。 译文:He went to the supermarket to buy some fruit. 这句译文的谓语动词就是went,非谓语动词就是to buy。To do形式的非谓语表示目的,对应“他去超市买水果”这个意思的表达。 通常,非谓语动词的逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式,这种结构就称为“独立主格结构”。非谓语动词若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词形式;若是被动关系,用过去分词形式。 其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,而是与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,且独立主格结构,只是一种附属成分,并不是一个句子,这种结构往往有状语的作用。 继续看一开始讲的例句: The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 针对这个句子,请大家思考以下几个问题: 哪一部分是主句?主句的主语是谁? 哪一部分是独立主格结构?其中arriving的逻辑主语是谁?也就是:arriving这个动作的发出者是谁? 本例句里的we began the meeting是主句(为什么这句是主句,因为这句话里的有主语we和谓语动词began),主句的主语是we; 本例句里的The chief-editor arriving就是独立主格结构,其中的非谓语形式arriving的逻辑主语是The chief-editor(因为arrive这个动作的发出者是The chief editor)。 可见,两者主语不一致,所以非谓语动词形式须另带主语,也就是在arriving前面应该加上非谓语自己的逻辑主语,也就是the chief-editor,又因为the chief-editor和arrive是主动关系,所以用非谓语的v-ing形式。 综上,The chief-editor arriving,这种结构就是独立主格结构。 再来看第二个例子: Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 独立主格结构:Her glasses broken 主句:she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 一看这句话的逗号后边的句子she couldn't see the words on the blackboard,有主语,有谓语,所以就是主句。主句的主语是she,而逗号前面的非谓语broken 的逻辑主语是 her glasses, 二者不一致,所以her glasses broken 就是独立主格结构,又因为galsses是被打碎,所以用过去分词broken。
独立主格结构的构成 独立主格的构成稍显复杂,主要有以下几种: 1、名词/代词+现在分词(表示主动或正在进行) e.g. Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 2、名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动和已完成) e.g. The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 3、名词/代词+不定式(表示将要发生的动作) e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner(=His friends are going to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.) 4、名词/代词+形容词或副词(常用来说明名词的性质,特征或所处的状态) e.g. So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.(=Because so many people were absent, the meeting had to be called off.) Nobody in, he left a message on the board. 5、名词/代词+介词短语 e.g. He went into the classroom,book in hand. (=He went into the classroom and a book is in his hand. ) 6、with/without+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/不定时 e.g. With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. He sat at a desk with his attention fixed on a book. I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 7、It being +名词 e.g. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 8、there +being/having been e.g. There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 以上分类其实略有重合的地方,但分类详细会有助于大家的理解和记忆。如果大家能把以上分类以及例句弄明白并每种类型背会一两个典型例句的话,足以应付考试的时候出现的独立主格结构的单选题了。 但并不是说考试的时候,我们能把这个题做对就万事大吉了,我们的最终目的是灵活掌握这个语法项目,并且能应用到我们的语言实践中来。 如果能学以致用,在作文中灵活得体地使用独立主格结构的话,就能使文章增色不少。明天的文章中咱们会讲独立主格结构的修辞特点,感兴趣的同学请继续关注哦! 你学会了吗? 小试牛刀 1、Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 2、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 3、He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C.which D. that 4、He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. that C. which D. them 5、There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that 6、There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that 7、 There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that 8、There _________ nothing more to do,Mr. Goodman left for home. A. was B. being C. to be D. had being 你答对了吗? Keys: 1. A 2.C 3. B 4.D 5.B 6. C 7. B 8.B 明天的文章中会有答案详讲,请感兴趣的同学们继续关注哦。 |
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