倒装句的分类

由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装有两种,将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装（Complete Inversion）。 只将谓语动词的一部分如be, have, 助动词、情态动词等移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装（Partial Inversion）。

（一）完全倒装（Complete Inversion）

1.当句首是here/there/in/up/down/on/out/back/then /away /off /over 等表示地点,时间,方位的副词,而谓语动词rush/run/come/go/ fly等不及物动词时,用全部倒装结构,此时的谓语动词不需要助动词。

如:South of the river lies a small factory.

Out rushed the children.

Away went the boy.

但如果主语是代词时,则谓语不倒装。Here you are. There she comes.

2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如:On the wall hang two large portraits.

3. 当such 置于句首时.Such are the facts, no one can deny them. 其中such当作表语.

4.直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,点明说话人的部分主谓语要倒装。“What are you doing?”asked she .

5.在某些表示祝愿的句子中。如:Long live our great country!伟大的祖国万岁!

（二）部分倒装（Partial Inversion）

1.否定或否定意义的副词或介词置于句首时,引起部分倒装结构,常见的词有little/never/not/seldom/no longer/nowhere/hardly/in no way/in no time/ by no means等

Not a sing mistake did he make.

Never have I been to Beijing.

2. not only...（but also）...位于句首引导两个分句时,前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装,第二个分句则不倒装。如:

The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only___, but students became more interested in the lessons.

A. saved was teachers’ energy　B. was teachers’ energy saved

C. teachers’ energy was saved D. was saved teachers’ energy

答案是B （2009年全国I 卷）

Not only was she my mother , but also she was my best friend.

3. only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首时。如

Only in this way can you learn English well.

Only when I left my parents for Italy____ how much I loved them.

A.I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize

（答案是D 2008年重庆26）

但only修饰主语时,则不倒装。如:Only the teacher has the right to do that.

4. not until位于句首时,只有主句用倒装,until引导的从句不倒装。如:Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.

Not until he returned did we have supper.

5.在no sooner...than..., hardly /scarcely/barely... when...

等结构中,前面部分位于句首时,其后的分句要部分倒装（谓语用过去完成时）。如:No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the workers.

No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.

6. so/neither/nor开头的句子,说明前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句“so/neither/nor + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”。如;

A -- Tom is lazy.

B -- So is Peter .

但同意对方的看法,表示“是的、确实”之意时,用“so+主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”句式,即主谓不倒装。如:

A -- It is hot today.

B -- So it is.

7. as/though引导让步状语从句时,可将谓语部分的形容词/名词/动词等提到句首,采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。如:Child as he is, he can speak four foreign languages.

Try ------- she might, Sue could not get the door open.

A. if B. when C. since D. as

答案是D （2011新课标 全国I 22 .）

Harsh ——his words may be ,they will do us a lot of good .

A. although B. even if C. as D. now that

答案是C （2010 四川 自贡 三诊）

8.在so/such...that...结构中,so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。

如:So sudden __ that the enemy had no time to escape.

A. did the attack B. the attack did C. was the attack

D. the attack was （2009年山东卷。答案是C）

So clearly does she speak English that she can always make herself understood.

9.在含有were/had/should虚拟条件句中,省去if,把were/had/should提前。如:

Had you come here yesterday, you would have seen him.

Were time to go back, I would work double hard.

10 .neither …nor…置于句首时, 由于这两个词都是否定词，所以以后的句子均需倒装。

Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it .

关键词:英语倒装句;特征;用法;在汉语中的表达法

一、什么是倒装句

倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以倒装,称为倒装句。将谓语动词全部移到主语之前,称为完全倒装;只把助动词或情态动词移到主语之前,称为部分倒装。倒装有两种情况:

由于一定语法结构的需要。如:

There is a man at the door wants to see you.

(谓语)(主语)

由于强调。如:

Never did he speak about his own merits.

(谓语)(主语)(谓语)

汉语的语序比较固定,主语总是位于谓语之前。只有在特别强调谓语或如实地描写说话时急促情况时才可以先说谓语后说主语。而且主语和谓语倒装后,中间有停顿(加逗号)。如:

来了吗,你的朋友 ?

(谓语)(主语)

怎么了,你?

(谓语)(主语)

好看极了,这件衣服!

(谓语) (主语)

不过汉语这样的倒装句是比较少的,决不象英语中那样普遍。因此英语倒装句译为汉语时却不一定是倒装句。下面谈谈英语倒装句的用法及其在汉语中的表达法。

二、英语倒装句的用法及其在汉语中的表达法

在“there +be…” 结构里,主语位于谓语之后。这种倒装句恰相当于汉语中表示存现的无主句。英语的主语相当于汉语的施事宾语(存现宾语)。如:

There is a picture of Chairman Mao on the wall. (倒装句)

(谓)(主)

墙上有一张像。(无主句)

(谓) (宾)

There is a book on the desk. (倒装句)

(谓)(主)

书桌上有一本书。(无主句)

(谓)(宾)

2. 在there, here等副词起首的句子里,主语位于谓语之后。这种倒装句也相当于汉语的无主句,英语的主语相当于汉语的施事宾语(存现宾语)。如:

a) There stood a tree about forty feet tall in the garden.(倒装句)

(谓)(主)

花园里有一棵四十英尺来高的大树。 (无主句)

(谓)(宾)

b) Here is a book for you. (倒装句)

(谓)(主)

这里有你一本书。(无主句)

(谓)(宾)

3. 为了表达生动的情景,可以把副词放在句首,同时把谓语放在主语之前。这种倒装句也相当于汉语的无主句,英语的主语相当于汉语的施事宾语(存现宾语)。如:

a) In came a man with a white beard.

(倒装句)(主)

突然进来一个白胡子老头。 (无主句)

(谓)(宾)

b) Out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. (倒装句)

(谓)(主)

从树丛中冲出一只老虎。(无主句)

(谓) (宾)

4. 当一个句子没有宾语而主语较长时,常常把状语放在句首,同时把谓语放在主语之前。这种倒装句也相当于汉语的无主句,英语的主语相当于汉语的施事宾语(存现宾语)。如:

a) Through the window came in wafts of intoxicating fragrance. (倒装句)

(谓) (主)

从窗外吹进来一阵阵醉人的清香。(无主句)

(谓) (宾)

b) Along the winding path were to be found footprints of some strange animals. (倒装句)

(谓)(主)

沿着曲曲折折的小道可以发现一些奇异野兽的足迹。(无主句)

(谓)(宾)

c) In the stillness of the evening could be heard the ringing of a distant bell. (倒装句)

(谓) (谓)(主)

在静静的夜里可以听见远处的钟声。 (无主句)

(谓) (宾)

以上英语四种类型的倒装句的结构特征是:

“状语+谓语+主语”或

“谓语+主语+状语”

这两种结构在意义上均表示“存现” (“存在”)。

汉语表示存现的无主句的结构特征是:

“状语+谓语+宾语”

这种结构在意义上也表示存现。

因此,英语表示存现的倒装句与汉语表示存现的无主句是相应的句型。英语的状语相当于汉语的状语,英语的谓语相当于汉语的谓语,英语的主语相当于汉语的施事宾语。实际上汉语的这种宾语也不过是后置主语的别名罢了(可是汉语语法家反对这种提法)。

5.在疑问句中用倒装语序。汉语则不能。如:

a) How did you get there?

(谓)(主)(谓)

你怎样到那儿的?

(主) (谓)

b) Why is she not here yet!

(谓)(主)(谓)

她为什么还没来?

(主) (谓)

c) Did you see the film?

(谓)(主)(谓)

你看过这部电影吗?

(主)(谓)

但疑问词作主语时,语序则不需要倒装。

Who is your teacher?

谁 是你的老师?

(主)(谓) (谓)

6. 在条件从句中,当if 省略时,则用倒装语序,汉语则不然。如:

a) Should they have the slightest doubt, then tell them to stop.

(谓)(主)(谓)

如果他们有丝毫的怀疑,你就让他们停止进行。

(主)(谓)

b) WereI in your position, I would go.

(谓)(主) (谓)

假若我是你,我情愿去。

(主)(谓)

7. 在某些表示祝愿的句子里,用倒装语序。汉语则不能。如:

a) Long live the people!

(谓) (主)

人民万岁!

(主)(谓)

b) May you succeed!

(谓) (主)(谓)

祝 你 成功!

(主)(谓)

8. 用 never, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, little, seldom, not until, often, in vain, many a time等副词开头的句子,多用倒装语序,汉语则不能。如:

a) Never before have I seen such a wonderful film.

(谓)(主)(谓)

我从来没有看到过这样好的电影。

(主) (谓)

b) Hardly didIthink it possible.

(谓)(主)(谓)

我几乎认为这是不可能的。

(主) (谓)

9. 在“so (nor, neither) +连系动词(或助动词、情态动词)+主语”的结构中,用倒装语序,表示“我也这样” (“我也不这样”)一类的概念。汉语则不能。如:

a) I am so glad to see you again.__ So amI.

(谓)(谓)(主)

又见到你,我很高兴。------- 我 也是这样。

(主) (谓)

b) I won’t do such a thing. ----Nor (Neither) willI.

(谓) (谓)(主)

我可不做这样的事。------ 我也不做。

(主)(谓)

10. 直接宾语如果是直接引语,则直接引语的全部或一部分,往往放在句首,主语放在谓语之后。汉语则不能。如:

a) “you all have got excellent results in the last examination”, said the teacher.

(宾)(谓)

老师 说:“你们在上次考试中都取得了优秀的成绩。”

(主)(谓)

b) “Teacher”, answered the monitor, “our success is largely due to the Party’s instructions.”

(宾) (谓) (主)

班长回答说:“老师,我们的成功主要应归功于党的教导。”

【关键词】英语语法 倒装现象 归纳 运用

众所周知，英语语法中的倒装现象经常出现在高中英语教材和高考英语试题当中，它不同于英语中的正常语序。所以很多学生在运用中经常出错，下面就来谈谈英语中的倒装现象。英语语法中倒装分为两种情况，全部倒装和部分倒装。

1.全部倒装，即谓语动词在主语的前面。这类句型主要有以下几种形式

1.1 在there be 句型中（其中be 动词还可换成seam,live,stand,lie,appear,exis,come 等动词）：

(1)Long long ago,there lived a king who liked horses very much.

(2)There lies a beautiful small town at the foot of Mount Tai.

1.2 such 在句中作表语或定语位于句首时：

(1)Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.

(2)Such a moving film was it that they were all lost in thought.

1.3 there, here ,up ,down ,out ,in ,away等副词位于句首，主语为名词时要全部倒装。主语为代词时不倒装：

(1)Here comes the bus.

(2)Up jumped the cat and caught the mouse.

1.4 地点状语位于句首，变成强调地点时，句子要倒装：

(1)On the top of the hill stands a temple where the old man once lived.

(2)In wine is the truth.

1.5 形容词，分词作表语提到句首，为了描述生动或平衡句子结构时：

(1)Standing beside the window was a boy aged about 6.

(2)Seated in the first line are some advanced teachers.

1.6 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首时，主句用不用倒装均可，但倒装形式更为常见。这类现象中常用的动词有say ,ask ,answer ,shout ,reply ,exclaim等：

(1)“Help”shouted the boy.

(2) “Exactly”said the father,shaking the old man''hand.

2.部分倒装，只把谓语的一部分（多为助动词或情态动词）置于主语之前的句子，其类型有

2.1 only 修饰状语位于句首时：

(1) Only then did I realize the importance of English.

(2) Only in this way can you solve the problem.

特别提示：only　修饰主语时不能倒装:

(1) Only he can do it.

(2) Only the teachers can solve the problem.

2.2 so+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语用在肯定句中表示“也…时”：

（1）I went there yesterday. So did she.

（2）I loved the movie and so did all my friends.

特别提示：若两个动词形式不一样时就得用so it is with…或so it is the same with…

Mike was born in England and English is his native language.So it is with Tom.

若两个主语一致时，则表示强调，不能倒装。此时so表示“的确如此”。

2.3 neither,nor用于否定句表示“也不”时：

（1）Tom does not like Japanese. Nor/Neither do I.

（2） I don''t know and nor do I care.

2.4 否定副词或短语位于句首时。这样的副词有：

never ,no ,hardly ,scarcely ,barely ,seldom ,little ,not ,nowhere ,rarely ,in no time ,in no case ,under no circumstance等。

(1) Not a single mistake did he make.

(2) Not until at least 30 seconds had passed was the man able to speak.

2.5 几个复合句型的倒装：

(1) not…until

Not until he returned did we have supper.

(2) no sooner…than hardly…when scarcely…when

No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher came in.

(3) not only…but also

Not only was he forced to stay home but also he had to do his homework.

(4) so…that

So clearly does he speak that we all understand what he says.

(5) neither…nor

Neither has he called on her nor will he do so.

2.6 动词/名词/形容词/副词/不定代词+as 或though +主语+谓语.作让步状语从句：

(1) Child as he is,he knows a lot.

(2) Poor as he may be ,he lives a happy life.

(3) Much as I told you,you did not listen.

2.7 the more…the more

(1) The more you learn ,the more equipped for life you are.

(2) The harder you work ,the greater progress you will make.

2.8 whatever ,however引导让步状语从句，强调形容词或副词时：

However hard he tried, he could hardly avoid making mistakes in his homework.

2.9 其他形式的倒装：

(1)虚拟语气中，省略if 把were/should/had提到句首。

Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the film.

Shoud it rain tomorrow ,we would have to put off the visit to the Great Wall.

(2) 表示祝愿的句子：

May you succeed！

Long live the friendship between us！

(3) 疑问句或感叹句：

“Who is it” said my mother.

【关键词】倒装句 形式 考法

一、完全倒装

1.表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如there，here，now，up，down，in，out，away，off，in the room，on the wall等，置于句首表示强调，要完全倒装。

(1)There goes the bell. 铃响了。

(2)Out rushed the children.孩子们冲出来了。

(3)In came the boss. 老板走了进来。

(4)In the house lives an old man. 在这座屋子里住着一位老人。

(5)Between the two buildings stands a tall tree. 在这两栋大楼之间有一棵大树。

注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。

Here it is. Away they went.

2.Such在句中做表语，置于句首且系动词是be，句子用倒装形式。

Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 事实就是这样，没人能否认。

在某些表示祝愿的感叹句中，要用完全倒装。

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

二、部分倒装

1.含有否定意义的副词或连词位于句首时。这类动词常用的有：few，little，never，not，not until，nowhere，rarely，seldom，hardly / scarcely…when…，no sooner…(than)…，not only…but(also)，at no time，by no means，in no way等放在句首时，需用部分倒装。

(1)By no means can he catch up in such a short time. 他根本不可能在这么短的时间里赶上来。

(2)Never have I been to the USA. 我从没去过美国。

(3)Seldom does she get up late in the morning. 她很少睡懒觉。

(4)Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful. 她不但聪明而且漂亮。

2. so(肯定句)neither或nor(否定句)放在句首时，表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一人或物时，用部分倒装。其句型是“so/neither/nor+系动词/情态动词/助动词+(另一)主语”。

(1)If she doesn’t agree to the plan. Neither will Tom.如果她不同意这个计划。Tom也不会同意。

(2)We went to see the film last Sunday. So did they .我们上个星期天去看这部电影了。他们也去了。

3.当“only+状语(副词/介词短语/状语从句)”位于句首时，主句须用部分倒装，从句仍用自然语序。

(1)Only then did I realize the importance of learning English well. 直到那时我才意识到学好英语的重要性。

(2)Only when he reached school did he find out that he had left his textbook at home. 直到到了学校他才发现把课本落在家里了。

(3)Only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference. 只有了解我们的专长，我们才有希望实现我们的目标，真正的有所作为。

注意：如果only强调的是主语部分，虽然位于句首，句子仍用自然语序。

Only a doctor can do that. 只有医生能做这件事。

4.在 “so…that” 和 “such…that”结构中，将“so＋adj/adv. ”和“such＋(a/an)+(adj)+n. ”提到句首时，句子须用部分倒装。

(1)So terrible was the storm that the whole roof was blown off. 暴风雨如此厉害，整个屋顶都被风吹掉了。

(2) Such a clever boy was Jack that he was able to work out all these difficult problems. 杰克是如此聪明的孩子，他能解答所有这些难题。

5.在as引导的让步状语从句中，必须用倒装，即将表语、状语、或动词原形提到as前面。其结构为：“名词/形容词/副词/动词原形+as+主语+谓语……”该句型中as可以用though代替。

(1)Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子，却懂的很多。

(2)Clever as he is，he doesn’t study hard. 尽管他很聪明，但他学习不够刻苦。

(3)Much as I like it ，I won’t buy it，for it’s too expensive. 尽管我很喜欢它，但我不会买，因为它太贵了。

(4)Try as he might，he couldn’t open the door.虽然他试过几次，但仍不能把门打开。

6.表示虚拟语气的条件状语从句若省去if时，要将were，had或should置于从句的主语之前。若从句是否定句，否定词留在主语之后。

(1)Were I you (If I were you)，I would go there at once.如果我是你，我就立刻去那儿。

这好办。学语法，找规律，做个有心人；变复杂为简单，巧记固定搭配。下面就部分语法知识进行归纳：一、非谓语动词

“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作谓语外，它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下：一感(feel)．二听(hear，listento)，三让(have，1et，make)，四看(see，watCh，notice，observe)。再加上helpsomebody(to)dosomething和美国英语lookatsomebodydosomthing。还有“二让”属特殊：getsomebodytodosomething与keepsomebodydoing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the-ingform)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话：PapaCmakesfriends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成：permit，advise，practise，avoid,consider,mind,allow,keep,enjoy,suggest,finish，risk，imagine,escape,need，delay，stand(忍受)。为了容易记住，也可以编成顺口溜：“允许完成练习，建议避免冒险，考虑延期逃跑，喜欢保持想象，需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是：permit/allow,finish,practise；

advise／suggest，avoid，risk：consider，delay，escape／miss；enjoy／appreciate，keep，imagine；need/want／require,mind．can''''thelp／can’tstand。

二、复合句

1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。

例如：A、Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue．(同位语从句)

B、Thenewsthathetoldussurprisedeverybodyhere．(定语从句)

关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that：有意义的是定语，无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或宾语，而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。

2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与which：that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级：which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。

例如：A、Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday．

B、ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten．

C、Ihavelostmypen，whichIlikeverymuch.

D、Thehouseinfrontofwhichthereisagardenismyhome．

三、It的用法

1、It除了代替人和物以外，还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。

例如：Itisnoreasytofinishtheworkintwodays.

然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是：无助(nohelp)、无用(nouse)、没好处(nogood)；工作(hardwork)、费时(awasteoftime)、又危险(adanger)。

例如：A、Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.

B、Itisawasteoftimewaitingforhim．

2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语：2f2tcjm(find，feel,think,take,consider，judge,make)。

例如：A、Hemadeitclearthathewasnotinterestedinthissubject．

B、Ithinkitnousearguingwithhim.

3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是：Itis(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。

例如：A、ItiSProfessorLinwhoteachesusEnglish—(强调主语)

B、ItwasinShanghaithatlsawthefilm.—(强调状语)

C、Itwasin1990thatIworkedinthefactory．(同上)

但要注意与定语从句的区别。

例如：D、Itwas1990whenIworkedinthefactory．(定语从句)

在强调句式里，我们把强调结构Itis(was)…that除去，句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。

四、倒装结构

学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之，编个顺口溜：副(adv.)介(prep．)提前全倒装，其它句式部分倒；否定提前倒助动，让步状语倒表语；复合句式倒主句，不

倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明：

A、Herecomesthebus．(副词提前，全倒装)

B、Herehecomes.(代词作主语，不倒装)

C、Infrontofthehouseliesagarden.(介词短语提前，全倒装)

D、NevershallIdothisagain.(否定词提前，部分倒装)

E、Youngasheis,heknowsalot.(让步状语从句，表语倒装)

F、OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin．(only修饰状语，主句倒装)

G、Onlyhecansavethepatient.(only修饰主语．不倒装)

H、Notonlywillhelpbegiventopeople,butalsomedicaltreatmentwillbeprovided.(否定词提前，部分倒装

I、Notonlyhebutalsowelikesports.(连接两个主语，不倒装)

五、虚拟语气

虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下：纯假设，用虚拟，动词时态退一级：条件句，分主从，主句谓语前加would(should,could，might)；表愿望,用虚拟，wish后面接宾语(从句)：现在过去与将来，动词时态退一级：提建议，用虚拟，宾语(从句)动词用(should)do：俩建议，三要求，再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order)：Itistime和eoukdrather,后接丛句用虚拟：部分主语从句中，谓语用虚拟结构(Itisnecessry/important/natural/natural/strange/strangethat……shoulddo)。下面举例说明：

A、Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemetting.(条件句虚拟)

B、Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.(同上)

C、Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.(表示愿望虚拟）

D、Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.(表示建议虚拟)

E、Itis(high)timethatweleft(shouldleave)now．(特殊从句虚拟）

F、Iwouldratheryougavemethebook．(同上)

G、Itisnecessarythatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday，(主语从句虚拟)