六级More than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransford and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that what distinguished young adults from children was not the ability to retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new situation but a quality they called preparation for future learning.

十多年前，当时就读于范德比尔特大学的认知科学家约翰·布兰斯福德（John Bransford）和丹尼尔·施瓦茨（Daniel Schwartz）发现，年轻人区别于儿童的不是保留事实或将先前知识应用于新环境的能力，而是他们称之为未来学习准备的素质。

六级A new study has failed to find any conclusive evidence that lifestyle changes can prevent cognitive decline in older adults.

一项新的研究没有发现任何确凿的证据表明生活方式的改变可以防止老年人认知能力的下降。

四级The study, published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, found that those who engaged in crafts like knitting and crocheting had a diminished chance of developing mild cognitive disorder and memory loss.

这项发表在《神经精神病学和临床神经科学杂志》上的研究发现，从事编织和钩针等手工艺的人患轻度认知障碍和记忆力丧失的几率降低。

四级Citing the work of psychologists and cognitive (认知的)scientists, Leslie criticizes the received wisdom that academic success is the result of a combination of intellectual talent and hard work.

引用心理学家和认知心理学家的工作(认知的)科学家们，莱斯利批评了公认的智慧，即学术上的成功是智力天赋和努力工作相结合的结果。

考研To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

从共享的东西中筛选出独特的东西可能使我们能够理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，以及是什么在进化或认知方面引导它。

六级More than a decade ago, cognitive scientists John Bransford and Daniel Schwartz, both then at Vanderbilt University, found that what distinguished young adults from children was not the ability to retain facts or apply prior knowledge to a new situation b

十多年前，范德比尔特大学的认知科学家约翰·布兰斯福德（John Bransford）和丹尼尔·施瓦茨（Daniel Schwartz）发现，年轻人区别于儿童的不是保留事实或将先验知识应用于新情况的能力

高考The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.

成人科学家可能也采用了同样的认知系统，让孩子们对自己的想法感到满意。

六级risk taking in an educational context is a vital skill that enables progress and creativity, wrote Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, in a review published last year.

伦敦大学学院的认知神经科学家莎拉·杰恩·布莱克莫尔（Sarah Jayne Blakemore）在去年发表的一篇评论中写道，在教育环境中冒险是一项促进进步和创造力的重要技能。

六级People physically fit enough to survive over 100 years ultimately give in to diseases such as Alzheimer’s, which affects the mind and cognitive function.

身体健康的人能够活过100年，最终会患上阿尔茨海默症等影响大脑和认知功能的疾病。

四级The researchers are currently analyzing the study participants' health and lifestyle to see which factors might influence age-related cognitive changes.

研究人员目前正在分析研究参与者的健康和生活方式，看看哪些因素可能会影响与年龄相关的认知变化。

六级Exercise, diet, cognitive stimulation showed some positive effects, although the evidence was not so strong that we could actually consider these firmly established.

运动，饮食，认知刺激显示出一些积极的影响，虽然证据不那么强烈，我们可以真正考虑这些牢固建立。

六级When an exhausted student goes to school, he risks hurting everyone on the road with his impaired driving; he doesn't have the cognitive resources to do well on his English test; he has lower self-control with his friends; and at home, he is moody with hi

当一个精疲力竭的学生去上学时，他可能会因为驾驶障碍而伤害路上的每一个人；他没有足够的认知资源在英语考试中取得好成绩；他对朋友的自制力较低；在家里，他对他很不高兴

六级There is also a growing body of evidence that diet-induced cognitive impairments can emerge rapidly — within weeks or even days.

还有越来越多的证据表明，饮食引起的认知障碍可能会在几周甚至几天内迅速出现。

六级ai pioneer Margaret Boden, professor of cognitive science at the University of Sussex, praised the progress of such discussions.

AI先驱Margaret Boden，瑟赛克斯大学认知科学教授，赞扬了这种讨论的进展。

四级In the 1920s, Swiss psychologist Jean piaget proposed that children's cognitive abilities unfold naturally,like the blooming of a flower, almost independent of what else is happening in their lives.

20世纪20年代，瑞士心理学家让·皮亚杰（Jean piaget）提出，儿童的认知能力自然展开，就像花朵盛开一样，几乎与他们生活中发生的其他事情无关。

考研It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive functions.

事实证明，大脑需要像肌肉一样进行锻炼，正确的心理锻炼可以显著改善我们的基本认知功能。

六级Cognitive decline is the loss of ability to learn new skills, or recall words, names, and faces that is most common as we age.

认知衰退是指随着年龄的增长，学习新技能或回忆单词、姓名和面孔的能力的丧失。

四级The researchers speculate that craft activities promote the development of nerve pathways in the brain that help to maintain cognitive health.

研究人员推测，手工艺活动促进大脑神经通路的发展，有助于维持认知健康。

四级But even if people are able to economically support a retirement at 65, over thirty years of potential inactivity is harmful to cognitive (认知的) and emotional vitality.

但是，即使人们能够在65岁时从经济上支持退休，超过30年的潜在不活动对认知能力是有害的(认知的) 和情感活力。

六级To cognitive researchers like piaget, adulthood meant the beginning of an occupation.

对皮亚杰这样的认知研究者来说，成年意味着职业的开始。

六级And lack of recovery一whether by disrupting sleep with thoughts of work or having continuous cognitive arousal by watching our phones一is costing our companies $62 billion a year in lost productivity.

以及缺乏恢复一无论是通过工作的想法扰乱睡眠，还是通过看手机持续进行认知唤醒一我们公司每年损失620亿美元的生产力。

六级Cognitive stimulation is one of the areas where we did find some benefit.

认知刺激是我们确实发现了一些好处的领域之一。

六级The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude.

我们对物体的知识构成了态度的认知成分。

四级According to the first research to tackle this topic head-on, misnaming the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive (认知的) error that has to do with how our memories classify and store familiar names.

根据第一项直接解决这个问题的研究，给我们生活中最熟悉的人起错名字是一种常见的认知错误(认知的) 这个错误与我们的记忆如何分类和存储熟悉的名字有关。

六级Studies have found obesity is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, as assessed by a range of learning and memory tests, such as the ability to remember a list of words presented some minutes or hours earlier.

研究发现，肥胖与认知功能受损有关，这是通过一系列学习和记忆测试评估的，例如记忆几分钟或几小时前出现的单词列表的能力。

六级Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says, for most of us, lying takes work.

哈佛认知神经科学家约书亚·格林说，对我们大多数人来说，说谎需要努力。

考研The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits ( ' , particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第二种是约书亚·格林伯格（Joshua Greenberg）提出的，它采用了一种更为经验性的方法来识别许多语言所共有的特征（’，尤其是在词序上），这些特征被认为代表了认知约束所导致的偏见。

六级James Burke of Duke University is one of the authors of a study reviewing previous research on cognitive decline.

杜克大学的詹姆斯·伯克（James Burke）是一项研究的作者之一，该研究回顾了以往关于认知衰退的研究。

六级Our study will use a large corporate dataset from a major medical company to examine how technology extends our working hours and thus interferes with necessary cognitive recovery, resulting in huge health care costs and turnover costs for employers.

我们的研究将使用一家大型医疗公司的大型企业数据集，研究技术如何延长我们的工作时间，从而干扰必要的认知恢复，从而为雇主带来巨大的医疗成本和离职成本。

六级However, given that there is at least some evidence for positive effects from some of these lifestyle changes, plus other benefits apparently unrelated to cognitive decline, Burke was willing to offer some recommendations.

然而，鉴于至少有一些证据表明这些生活方式的改变会产生积极的影响，加上其他明显与认知能力下降无关的好处，伯克愿意提供一些建议。

四级The study looked at computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found that it was no more effective in treating depression than the usual care patients receive from a primary care doctor.

这项研究着眼于计算机辅助认知行为疗法（CBT），发现它在治疗抑郁症方面并不比初级保健医生提供的常规护理更有效。

六级I think that by having people adopt a healthy lifestyle, both from a medical standpoint as well as nutritional and cognitive stimulation standpoint, we can reduce the incidence of cognitive decline, which will be proof that these factors are, in fact, imp

我认为，通过让人们采取健康的生活方式，无论是从医学角度还是从营养和认知刺激角度来看，我们都可以减少认知能力下降的发生率，这将证明这些因素实际上是imp

六级In addition, you can take a cognitive break every 90 minutes to charge your batteries.

此外，你可以每90分钟休息一次，给电池充电。

六级Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication.

能够参与社交的机器人有助于缓解孤独感和认知功能，但机器人本身不必直接参与，它可以作为人类交流的中介。

六级Early childhood experiences can be very consequential for children's long-term social, emotional and cognitive development, said Sean Reardon, professor of poverty and inequality in education at Stanford University.

斯坦福大学贫困和教育不平等问题教授肖恩·里尔登说，幼儿时期的经历对儿童的长期社会、情感和认知发展非常重要。

六级The expert review also found insufficient evidence to recommend any drugs or dietary supplements that could prevent or slow cognitive decline.

专家审查还发现，没有足够的证据推荐任何可以预防或减缓认知能力下降的药物或膳食补充剂。

六级The topic of the nature of skill—and the differences between beginners and experts has been one of considerable discussion in cognitive science and philosophy.

技能的本质以及初学者和专家之间的差异是认知科学和哲学中相当多的讨论话题之一。