完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx |
您所在的位置:网站首页 › bildungsroman的定义 › 完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx |
完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx 完整版考研英美文学名词解释 英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature 1。 Aestheticism/theAestheticismMovement(唯美主义) AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddleofthe19thcenturythathaditschiefheadquartersinFrance。 ThismovementwasintroducedtolateVictorianEnglandmainlyWalterPaterasareactionagainstthematerialismandcommercialismofanindustrializedsociety。 ItwasalsoareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake。 Themajortenetsofthismovementincludethebeliefintheautonomyofaworkofart,theemphasisoncraftandartistry—-thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”。 ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthismovementincludedOscarWilde。 2。 Allegory(寓言) Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities。 Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning。 寓言: 用诗歌或散文讲的故事,在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。 所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事. 3.Alliteration(头韵) Itistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwordsinpoetry。 InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf。 头韵: 在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。 4.Allusion: Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto。 Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion. 典故: 文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品.典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。 5。 AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义) TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Americannaturalismwasevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecamelessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itwasnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasaleadingfigureofthisschool. 6。 AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义) PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists。 Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets. 美国清教主义: 他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。 7。 AmericanRealism(美国现实主义) InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend。 TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates。 Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism。 Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience。 Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife。 Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind。 美国现实主义: 在美国文学史上,内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。 现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言,它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。 它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历. 8。 AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义) TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury。 ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics: moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow。 Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance"。 OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson。 HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”。 Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism。 Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters。 TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe。 9。 AngryYoungMen(愤怒的青年) TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s。 Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956。 10.Antagonist(反面人物): Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorheroine。 反面人物: 一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量,是男女主人公的对手。 11.AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义) AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists。 To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits。 ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety。 ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare: 1。 Transcendentalistsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse。 2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindividual。 Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod。 Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpresence。 12.Aphorism(警句) Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutlife. 警句: 蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。 13.Aside(旁白) Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudienceand.Anasideissupposedlynotheardbyotheractorsonstage。 14。 Assonance(类韵) Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds. 类韵: 在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复,它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。 15。 Autobiography(自传) Theliteraryformofautobiographyisaperson’saccountofhisorherownlife。 Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection,suchasTheAutobiographywrittenbyBenjaminFranklin。 自传: 一个人对他或她自己生活的描述,自传是一种叙述性的文体,多包含回忆性的描写。 16。 Ballad(民谣) Itisarelativelyshortnarrativepoem,writtentobesung,withasimpleanddramaticaction。 Theballadstelloflove,death,thesupernatural,oracombinationofthese。 Twocharacteristicsoftheballadareincrementalrepetitionandtheballadstanza.Incrementalrepetitionrepeatsoneormorelineswithsmallbutsignificantvariationsthatadvancetheaction。 Theballadstanzahasfourline;commonly,thefirstandthirdlinescontainfourfeetoraccents,thesecondandfourthlinescontainthreefeet。 Balladoftenopenabruptly,presentbriefdescriptionsanduseconcisedialogues。 Thefolkballadisusuallyanonymousandthepresentationisimpersonal.Theliteraryballaddeliberatelyimitatestheformandspiritofafolkballad。 TheRomanticpoetswereattractedtothisform,asLongfellowwithTheWreckoftheHesperus,ColeridgewithTheRimeoftheAncientMarine,whichislongerandmoreelaboratethanthefolkballad. 17。 BalladStanza(民谣诗节) Atypeoffour-linestanza,thefirstandthethirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondandfourthlineshavethreestresses. 18。 BeatGeneration(垮掉的一代) TheBeatGenerationreferstoaloosely—knitgroupofpoetsandnovelists,writinginthesecondhalfofthee1950sandearly1960s。 Theysharedasetofsocialattitudes——anti—establishment,anti—political,anti—intellectual,opposetotheprevailingcultural,literary,andmoralvalues,andwereinfavorofunfetteredself-realizationandself-expression.RepresentativesofthegroupwereAllenGinsbergwithhislongpoemHowlandJackKerouacwithhisOntheRoad。 19.Bildungsroman(成长小说) Bildungsromandefinesagenreofthenovelwhichfocusesonthepsychologicalandmoralgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoadulthood,andinwhichcharacters'changeisthusextremelyimportant。 InaBildungsroman,thegoalismaturity.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicalBildungsroman。 20.Biography(传记) Adetailedaccountofaperson‘slifewrittenbyanotherperson。 传记: 由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。 21.Blackcomedy/Blackhumor(黑色幽默) Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naive,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheevetsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd。 JosephHeller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique. 22.BlackMountainPoets(黑山派诗人) Itissometimescalledprojectivepoets(投射诗人),agroupofthemid—20thcenturyAmericanavant-gardeorpostmodernpoetscenteringonBlackMountainCollege。 IntheessayProjectiveVerse,CharlesOlsoncalls“forpoetryofopenfield”compositiontoreplacetraditionalclosedpoeticformswithanimprovisedformthatshouldreflectexactlythecontentofthepoem。 ThisessaybecamethemanifestofortheBlackMountainPoets. 23.Blank |
CopyRight 2018-2019 办公设备维修网 版权所有 豫ICP备15022753号-3 |