完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx

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完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx

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完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx

完整版考研英美文学名词解释.docx

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完整版考研英美文学名词解释

英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishandAmericanLiterature

1。

Aestheticism/theAestheticismMovement(唯美主义)

AEuropeanphenomenonduringthemiddleofthe19thcenturythathaditschiefheadquartersinFrance。

ThismovementwasintroducedtolateVictorianEnglandmainlyWalterPaterasareactionagainstthematerialismandcommercialismofanindustrializedsociety。

ItwasalsoareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake。

Themajortenetsofthismovementincludethebeliefintheautonomyofaworkofart,theemphasisoncraftandartistry—-thetheoryof“artforart’ssake”。

ThemostoutstandingVictorianrepresentativesofthismovementincludedOscarWilde。

2。

Allegory(寓言)

Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities。

Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning。

寓言:

用诗歌或散文讲的故事,在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。

所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事.

3.Alliteration(头韵)

Itistherepetitionofthesameinitialconsonantsoundwithinalineoragroupofwordsinpoetry。

InOldEnglishalliterativemeter,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf。

头韵:

在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。

4.Allusion:

Areferencetoaperson,aplace,anevent,oraliteraryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto。

Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,literature,orreligion.

典故:

文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品.典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。

5。

AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义)

TheAmericannaturalismacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin'sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitswereconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.Americannaturalismwasevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecamelessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itwasnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.Dreiserwasaleadingfigureofthisschool.

6。

AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)

PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.TheAmericanpuritans,liketheirEnglishbrothers,areidealists。

Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Butduetothegrimstruggleforlivinginthenewcontinent,theybecomemoreandmorepractical.Americanpuritanismissomuchapartofthenationalatmosphereratherthatasetoftenets.

美国清教主义:

他们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。

7。

AmericanRealism(美国现实主义)

InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend。

TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.GeorgeEliotintroducerealismintoEngland,andWilliamDeanHowellsintroduceditintotheUnitedStates。

Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism。

Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Ithasbeenchieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesofeverydaylifeamongthemiddleandlowerclasses,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience。

Realisticliteraturefindsthedramaandtensionbeneaththesurfaceofordinarylife。

Later,manywriters,notablyHenryJames,turnedtopsychologicalrealismthatcloselyexaminedthecomplexworkingsofthemind。

美国现实主义:

在美国文学史上,内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。

现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言,它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。

它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历.

8。

AmericanRomanticism(美国浪漫主义)

TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury。

ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,theboomingeconomy,theflourishingpublications,andavarietyofforeigninfluencesmadeitsliteraryexpansionpossibleandinevitable.Romanticssharedsomecharacteristics:

moralenthusiasm,individualityandintuitiveperception.IrvingplayedanimportantroleininspiringAmericanromanticismwithhismasterpiecesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow。

Americanromanticismculminatedaroundthe1840s,whichcanbecalled“TranscendentalismorAmericanRenaissance"。

OneofthemajorfigureinthisperiodwasEmerson。

HisNaturehadbeencalled“themanifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”。

Inthepoetryaspect,WhitmanandDicksonweretwomajorAmericanpoetsinthisperiod.Inthenovelaspect,HawthorneandMelvillebelongedtoanothertypeofromanticism。

Theyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressiononemotionandthepsychicstatesoftheircharacters。

TheNewEnglandpoets,suchasLongfellowandBryantformedadifferentschoolfromWhitman,Dickson,ThoreauandPoe。

9。

AngryYoungMen(愤怒的青年)

TheAngryYoungMenisajournalisticcatchphraseappliedtoanumberofBritishplaywrightsandnovelistsfromthemid-1950s。

Theirworksmainlyexpressthebitternessofthelowerclassestowardstheestablishedsociopoliticalsystemandtowardsthemediocrityandhypocrisyofthemiddleandupperclasses.TheplaywrightJohnOsbornewasthearchetypalexampleoftheseangryyoungmenwithhissignatureplayLookBackinAngerin1956。

10.Antagonist(反面人物):

Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorheroine。

反面人物:

一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量,是男女主人公的对手。

11.AmericanTranscendentalism(美国超验主义)

AmericanTranscendentalismismorethananattitudeoftranscendentalists。

To“transcend”somethingistoriseaboveit,topassbeyonditslimits。

ThetranscendentalistsspeakforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety。

ThemajorfeaturesofAmericanTranscendentalismare:

1。

Transcendentalistsplaceemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse。

2.Theystresstheimportanceoftheindividual。

Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.3.TheyofferafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod。

Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpresence。

12.Aphorism(警句)

Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutlife.

警句:

蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。

13.Aside(旁白)

Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudienceand.Anasideissupposedlynotheardbyotheractorsonstage。

14。

Assonance(类韵)

Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds.

类韵:

在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复,它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。

15。

Autobiography(自传)

Theliteraryformofautobiographyisaperson’saccountofhisorherownlife。

Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection,suchasTheAutobiographywrittenbyBenjaminFranklin。

自传:

一个人对他或她自己生活的描述,自传是一种叙述性的文体,多包含回忆性的描写。

16。

Ballad(民谣)

Itisarelativelyshortnarrativepoem,writtentobesung,withasimpleanddramaticaction。

Theballadstelloflove,death,thesupernatural,oracombinationofthese。

Twocharacteristicsoftheballadareincrementalrepetitionandtheballadstanza.Incrementalrepetitionrepeatsoneormorelineswithsmallbutsignificantvariationsthatadvancetheaction。

Theballadstanzahasfourline;commonly,thefirstandthirdlinescontainfourfeetoraccents,thesecondandfourthlinescontainthreefeet。

Balladoftenopenabruptly,presentbriefdescriptionsanduseconcisedialogues。

Thefolkballadisusuallyanonymousandthepresentationisimpersonal.Theliteraryballaddeliberatelyimitatestheformandspiritofafolkballad。

TheRomanticpoetswereattractedtothisform,asLongfellowwithTheWreckoftheHesperus,ColeridgewithTheRimeoftheAncientMarine,whichislongerandmoreelaboratethanthefolkballad.

17。

BalladStanza(民谣诗节)

Atypeoffour-linestanza,thefirstandthethirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondandfourthlineshavethreestresses.

18。

BeatGeneration(垮掉的一代)

TheBeatGenerationreferstoaloosely—knitgroupofpoetsandnovelists,writinginthesecondhalfofthee1950sandearly1960s。

Theysharedasetofsocialattitudes——anti—establishment,anti—political,anti—intellectual,opposetotheprevailingcultural,literary,andmoralvalues,andwereinfavorofunfetteredself-realizationandself-expression.RepresentativesofthegroupwereAllenGinsbergwithhislongpoemHowlandJackKerouacwithhisOntheRoad。

19.Bildungsroman(成长小说)

Bildungsromandefinesagenreofthenovelwhichfocusesonthepsychologicalandmoralgrowthoftheprotagonistfromyouthtoadulthood,andinwhichcharacters'changeisthusextremelyimportant。

InaBildungsroman,thegoalismaturity.CharlesDickens’DavidCopperfieldisaclassicalBildungsroman。

20.Biography(传记)

Adetailedaccountofaperson‘slifewrittenbyanotherperson。

传记:

由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。

21.Blackcomedy/Blackhumor(黑色幽默)

Itismostlyemployedtodescribebaleful,naive,orineptcharactersinafantasticornightmarishmodernworldplayingouttheirrolesinwhatIonescocalleda“tragicfarce”,inwhichtheevetsareoftensimultaneouslycomic,horrifying,andabsurd。

JosephHeller’sCatch-22canbetakenasanexampleoftheemploymentofthistechnique.

22.BlackMountainPoets(黑山派诗人)

Itissometimescalledprojectivepoets(投射诗人),agroupofthemid—20thcenturyAmericanavant-gardeorpostmodernpoetscenteringonBlackMountainCollege。

IntheessayProjectiveVerse,CharlesOlsoncalls“forpoetryofopenfield”compositiontoreplacetraditionalclosedpoeticformswithanimprovisedformthatshouldreflectexactlythecontentofthepoem。

ThisessaybecamethemanifestofortheBlackMountainPoets.

23.Blank



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