we all went to the zoo except Lily.昨天除了Lily我们都去了动物园we all went to the zoo besides Lily yesterday.除了LilY外昨天还有我们去了动物园we including Lily went to the zoo yesterday.包括Lily我们都去了动物园

gastrointestinal symptoms include flatuence胃肠道症状包括胃肠气胀。

He included an article in a newspaper.他在报纸上登一篇文章。

Most cases are due to bacteria (including salmonella and staphylococcus) and their toxins (including botulism).大多数急性食物中毒病例是由于细菌(包括沙门氏菌属和葡萄球菌属)及其毒性产物(如肉毒中毒)引起。

Fish sperm,including the seminal fluid.精液，鱼白鱼的鱼白，包括精液

The graphic arts include calligraphy and lithography平面造型艺术包括书法和平版印刷术。

include

英音  

动词 及物动词：

1.包括，包含

2.算入，包含于...里面

including 是介词，介词后面跟名词、代词、代名词，如果跟动词要跟动名词。Anything you do can get you shoot including doing nothing

1 she is the tallest in our class2 this is the most beautiful picture i have seen3 he is the most popular teacher in our school4 shanghai is one of the biggest cities in china5 it is the most expensive shirt in the shop6 she is the most careful of us three7 who runs the fastest8 which one is the cheapest9 who lives the farthest10 she is the thinnest girl in our class .

include,included,including ①include用作及物动词,意思是“包括,包含”． ②included用作形容词,用在名词或代词后,意思是“包括在内”． ③including用作介词,意思是“包括在内”． e．g．Your duties will include putting the children to bed．你的职责包括让孩子们上床睡觉． Everyone laughed,me included．每个人都笑了,包括我在内． Ten members were present at the meeting,including myself．10个人出席了会议包括我自己．

“包括……在内”的英文单词是：Including  读音：

1.Stars including Joan Collins are expected to attend. 

包括琼·柯林斯在内的明星们，届时预计会参加。

2.There are all sorts of animals, including bears, pigs, kangaroos, and penguins

有各种各样的动物，包括熊、猪、袋鼠和企鹅。

3.She has published more than 20 books including novels, poetry and literary criticism. 

她已出版了包括小说、诗歌和文学评论在内的20多部著作。

4.They used pressure tactics to force them to return, including cutting food and water supplies. 

他们采用施加压力的策略迫使他们回来，包括切断食物和水的供应。

5.There are ten people in this office including me.

这个办公室连我共有10人。

He can perform an astonishing variety of acts, including mime and juggling.他能表演好几种令人惊叹的把戏，包括哑剧和玩杂耍。或者He likes China,including the people there and the language.

I enjoy English studying,watching TV and including reading books.I clean the house including washing the clothes.

1. For this problem, your solution meets all the requirements. 对于这个问题，你的解决方法满足了一切条件。2. Now, mobile phone have a number of uses including GPS, reading e- books, watching movie, and so on. 现在，手机有很多用途，包括GPS，阅读电子书，看电影等等。3. Their knowledge serves as a basis of futher research. 他们的知识作为之后研究的依据。4. One may find it necessary to build a new school for the children in Sichuan. 人们可能会认识到为四川的孩子们建一所新学校是有必要的。5. It is important to understand the fact that nobody can be seccessful without effort. 懂得没有人能够不努力就成功，是很重要的。6. The designs require the investor’s surport. 这个设计学要投资者的支持。 7. It should be noted here that the growth of child needs an safe environment. 应该注意的是，孩子的成长需要一个安全的环境。

　　在生活、工作和学习中，大家都不可避免地要接触到作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。作文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？下面是我帮大家整理的英语话题作文8篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

　　Which is more important, wealth or health? Different people have different opinions.

　　Some people prefer wealth, holding that money can not bring everything, but without it, one can do nothing. In order to accumulate more money they can do anything. However, other people regard health as more important. Once health is lost, it is no use having a lot of money.

　　As far as I am concerned, I love wealth, but I value health more. Everybody wants to live a happy life. So they try their best to earn money which can ensure they lead a comfortable life, but if happiness and comfort are achieved at the cost of their health, how can they be happy? Without health money becomes meaningless.

　　In my opinion, no one agrees that a wealthy person without good health can be happy. So, just do our best to keep healthy.

　　Today is a special day for me. I graduate from middle school. Yesterday, I attended the high school entrance exam and I think I did very well in the exam. I am sure I can be admitted by the best senior school in my city. This morning, a big graduation ceremony is held in my school. All graduates and our teachers attend to it.

　　Our president makes a speech in the ceremony, wishing us a good future and hoping us to come back school often. After the ceremony, we go back to our classroom to spend the last time together. We are reluctant to each other. I hope we can keep our relationship forever.

　　Ideals

　　Everyone has his ideals. A businessman wishes to make greater profit; a farmer expects plumper harvests; a student tries to learn more and better. And

　　However, one should be sensible about whether his ideal is well founded or not. If it is, one has to plan and work hard for its realization. Effort, skill and persistence are all necessary. And very often, one has to get help from others, including advice and support in one form or another.

　　My ideal is to become a doctor. It is said that the field of medicine is a well-paid profession, but I take it as a lofty profession entrusted with saving peoples lives. To realize my ideal I have concentrated on laboratory work to develop the analytical skills necessary to become a qualified doctor. Im sure I will realize my ideal if I keep on striving for it.

　　译文赏析：

　　理想

　　人人都有理想。商人的理想是赚取更大的利润;农民希望获得更大 的丰收;学生则争取学得更多、更好。每个人都为实现理想多多少少付 出了努力。

　　假定你是李华，你发现生活中会有各种各样的流言(rumors)。对于流言，有些中学生不知道应该如何对待。请你就此问题用英文给报社写一封信，谈谈你对该问题的看法。

　　 内容主要包括：

　　1.生活中存在着各种各样的流言;

　　2.流言的危害(影响心情，造成伤害);

　　3.如何对待流言(无视流言，与传播者交流或不要轻易相信它)。

　　注意：

　　1.词数100左右;

　　2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯;

　　3.信的开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数。

　　Dear editor,

　　As we all know, there are many kinds of rumors in our daily life. Some of them not only make us feel disturbed but also cause great damage to us.

　　When we face rumors, I think at first we should ignore them. Rumors will come to an end quickly if we don’t pay much attention to them. In addition, we can communicate with the people who spread the rumors in order to make them realize the harm of the rumors. Last but not least, please remember that rumors will have no effect on our life if we don’t believe them easily.

　　Yours

　　LiHua

　　 【参考译文】

　　亲爱的，

　　众所周知，日常生活中有各种各样的谣言。他们中的一些人不仅使我们感到不安，而且给我们造成了巨大的伤害。

　　当我们面对谣言时，我认为首先我们应该忽视他们。如果我们不重视谣言，谣言很快就会告一个底。此外，我们还可以与传播谣言的人交流，以使他们意识到谣言的危害。最后但并非最不重要的，请记住，谣言将不会影响我们的生活，如果我们不相信他们很容易。

　　你的

　　李华

　　Heloo! Every! I have a good friend. His name is Sam. He is my best friend. he is a student. He kikes to listen to music. He can play the guitar. And he is good at speaking English. He likes pandas, because they are kind of cute.He gets up at 6:30.It’s so easy. Then he eats breakfast. He goes to school by bike. In the morning, he often plays sports. In the afternoon he sometimes plays basketball for half on hour. He is very tall and strong. He often help me, so I thank him very much.

　　 一、英语话题作文写作的四大要素

　　1.点睛的结尾

　　俗话说，“编筐编篓，全在收口”，最后一段在整篇文章中也是占有举足轻重的位置。在英语话题作文的结尾段不能有拖泥带水的现象，要确实的表明作者的观点，并提出较为深远的深刻含义，最好是能够提出个人的见解，并给读者以启发，引发读者和评卷人的深思。此段的写作还对学生的总结及概括能力进行考核，争取用最简练的语句来表达清楚自己的观点和见解，最好还可以运用到实际的例子进行阐释和分析，这样更具有说服力，也更能使阅读者产生共鸣。

　　2.漂亮的句式

　　一篇优秀的英语话题作文文章，不仅要有新颖的主题思想、清晰的文章结构，与此同时，还要有漂亮的句式作为点缀和修饰。漂亮句式的运用不仅可以增加文章的结构感，还可以使文章具有可读性，这就要求同学们在日常的英语学习中勤加练习、提高文笔、熟练的造句。首先，在文章中要运用多个句型，随时的变换句式，给阅读人以新鲜感，这样作文的句子也增添了许多色彩；其次，使学生更加熟练的掌握各种句式的运用，在简单句式的基础上，使用一些定语从句、强调句以及倒装句来提高整篇作文的水平，使自己的文章更上一个档次，更具有可读性；再者，还可以在写作过程中多采用谚语以及名人名言等句子，这样即可以增加文章的逻辑性，又可以梳理段落之间的顺序主次。

　　 二、创新教学模式

　　1.增加师生之间的交流

　　从教学角度来讲，活跃的课堂气氛是学生学习效率的至关因素，增加课堂中的师生交流是创新教学的新模式。以教师为主体，学生也为主体，以师生互动的方式进行主动的交流和学习，这样可以缓解学生紧张的情绪。在课堂中，教师组织学生进行话题作文的分析，引领学生主动的参与到情景教学中来，充分的发挥想象力，结合实际的应用和热点话题，进行交流和学习。促进全体师生学习和讨论的意识，在思考中得到提升和发展。互动教学是师生交往的一个平台，教和学要均衡发展。

　　2.小组之间的互相学习

　　教师在课堂教学中可以采用分组的教学学习方法，充分发挥小组学习的优势，这样不仅可以更容易的集中学生的注意力，还可以活跃课堂的气氛，减少学生的紧张心理。教师在授课过程中提出一个话题，让同学们以小组为单位进行讨论，分析话题作文之后，每个小组选出代表将分析的结果进行讲诉，最后由教师进行总结和点评。在不断的讨论中师生共同进步和学习。随着英语这一语种的不断发展，越来越多的人重视学习英语的重要性，随之而来的是对英语写作水平的不断提升。英语的作文水平可以反映出个人的英语整体水平，而其中的话题作文写作更是考验学生的创新思维和应变能力，其写作水平不是一朝一夕就能够得到提高的，它需要长时间的积累和学习，同学们通过阅读大量的优秀的文章，进行临摹和分析，积累经典的句式和句型，在不同的话题作文写作中运用到，为自己的作文增添色彩。

　　 三、结语

　　综上所述，通过以上的分析和策略，为我国学生的’话题写作水平提供了参考和依据，同时也为我国的英语教学事业提供了发展的方向。

　　l have a best friend.her name is tina.we have many difference and similarities.she likes to do the same things as me.and she can make me laugh.but she is less more outgoing than me.she is very quiet.however,we both like reading.and do well in english.but she is smarter than me and l work harder than her.

　　l think friends are like books-you don`t need a lot of them as long as they are good.

　　Our beautiful earth is only one, is also the only one. If you don’t cherish, in the end, the only regret. But now, people regardless of the image, the damage to the environment.

　　In the street, always see someone to walk less, will their garbage on the ground, this kind of behavior is damage to the environment, and not beautiful. Although there is a punishment, but has no effect. In the end, only the cleaner to clean up the mess. That if be in their own homes, garbage, flies are flying everywhere, do you feel better? That if no cleaner in the world, if so do you dare to imagine? Looking at people such behavior, the earth mother cry. Let’s ensure that their hand, whether in where, what time, please send their garbage home.

　　There is a bad behavior, and that is the grass. Every time after school, some children for fun, always likes to play football on the grass. When your foot jump on it, when enjoying the care of the earth, you can know it in complains to heaven. The grass also hurts, it just didn’t express. Dew on the grass face every morning there will be some, and the dew like their tears. The grass also have feelings, when it is happy, it will be a purposeful, enjoy the warmth of sunshine, the breeze bath; When it cry, it will be bent her waist; When it is complained that their is a humble grass, it dead. Let’s ensure that their feet, don’t trample on the lawn. Use action to soothe the soul of the dead, renewed the miracle of life.

　　Have you seen? Dozens of people saw an axe in hand, they are going to cut down trees. When forests there saw, with the trees fall. When there is a tornado and sandstorms, no trees to shelter from the rain. Then there is no regret medicine to eat. Without trees, also become no longer pure and fresh air. When you’re cold, you go to pick up trees make a fire, it is the warmth of your sacrifices for a tree. Some trees grow hundreds or even thousands of years, is a humble axe ended its long life. What a strong tree, I do not know the moment when it fell, it think about? How hardy tree, can eventually escapes according to the bad luck.

　　Friends, protect our environment, is to protect our earth. Cherish our only the earth, is to cherish our life. When a rainbow sky, means that garbage to go home, the grass smiles, uncle grandpa happy, our earth mother without crying.

　　参考翻译：

　　我们美丽的地球只有一个，也是唯一的一个。如果不好好珍惜，到头来，只有后悔。可现在，总有人不顾形象，在破坏环境。

　　在街上，总会看见有人为了少走几步路，将自己手中的垃圾随意扔在地上，这种行为既破坏环境，又不美观。虽然有惩罚，但一直以来并没有什么成效。到最后，只有清洁工来收拾残局。那假如是在自己的家里，到处都是垃圾、苍蝇还满天飞，你自己好过吗?那假如世界上没有清洁工，要是这样下去你敢想象吗?看着人们这样的行为，地球妈妈哭泣了。让我们管好自己的手，不管是在什么地方，什么时间，请将自己手中的垃圾送回家。

　　还有一种不好的行为，那就是践踏草坪。每当放学，有些孩子为了开心，总喜欢在草地上踢足球。当你的脚踏在上面蹦蹦跳跳的时候，享受大地关怀的时候，你可知道它在埋怨上天。小草也会疼，它只不过没有表达出来而已。每天早上小草脸上会有一些露珠，而这些露珠就像是它们的眼泪。小草也有感情，当它快乐的时候，它会挺直腰，享受阳光的温暖，微风的沐浴;当它哭泣的时候，它会弯下自己的腰;当它埋怨自己是颗不起眼的小草时，它已死去。让我们管好自己的脚，别再践踏草坪。用行动安抚已死去的灵魂，再度点燃生命的奇迹。

　　你看见过吗?几十个人的手里拿着电锯斧头，他们是要去砍伐树木。当森林出现电锯声时，将伴随着一棵棵树的倒下。当出现龙卷风和沙尘暴时，再也没有树木来挡风遮雨。到时再也没有后悔药可吃。没有了树，空气也变得不再清新。当你冷的时候，你去捡树木生火，可你的温暖却是牺牲一棵树换来的。有些树木生长了几百年甚至几千年，可就一把不起眼的斧头结束了它漫长的生命。多么坚强的树，不知当它倒下的那一瞬间，它想到了什么?多么顽强的树，可最终还是逃不过厄运的毒手。

　　朋友们，保护我们的环境，就是保护我们的地球。珍惜我们唯一的地球，就是珍惜我们的生命。当天空出现彩虹时，就说明垃圾回家了，小草笑了，大叔爷爷乐了，我们的地球妈妈没有在哭泣了。

　　 Sample 1 ： My hobbies 个人爱好

　　I have a lot of hobbies as same as others, for example: I like making friends and doing exercises as well as learning English, and so on. I think my hobbies are important not only for my study but also my life.

　　By making friends, we can know more people and groups outside world, just like a song says that “ you will walk more smoothly if you have more friends”.

　　Everyone knows that doing exercises is good for our health, and keep ourselves young and healthy, it will make us successful in our study.

　　Learning English is a good hobby as well, we could make more foreign friends and learn western cultures, it will open our minds in the coming future.

　　I am glad that I have such good hobbies, I will keep this forever.

　　 Sample 2 ： My best friend 最好的朋友

　　Maybe you would like to ask me “who is your best friend?” I can tell you the answer is Jack.

　　Jack used to be hard_working and interested in every subject we learn at school. He is good at Chinese and English. He is friendly and he makes many foreign friends. Meanwhile he gets on well with this classmates and friends. Jack likes dancing , and drawing as well. His work has won prizes for several times. We help each other not only in the study but also in our life.

　　It is possible that we are going to different schools in a few months , wherever we go, I believe/am sure Jack will be my best friend forever.

　　 Sample 3 ：Advice on following traffic rules 遵守交通规则

　　It is very important for us to know about the traffic rules. Everyone knows that red light means ‘stop’ and you are not allowed to go. You can walk across the road safely when green light is on. One more thing is yellow light. Some people always forget it. Usually when the green light off, yellow light will be on, please be careful because red light will be on in a few seconds. So you must wait for a while patiently.

　　Here are some useful suggestions for following traffic rules. Firstly, we should follow the traffic lights and cannot break the traffic rules. Secondly, we had better remember the principle “slowly, look left and right side, go across finally”. Last but not least, (最后一条也是最重要的一条)do not forget that it is rather dangerous to play on the street. If everybody follows the traffic rules we will have a happy life in the future.

　　 Sample 4：A letter on lending money 英文书信(借钱)

　　Hi! Alice ,

　　I’m glad to hear from you. Yes, just like you, sometimes I have the same problem. I think if she really needs the money. You had better lend it to her. You don’t need to worry too much about it. Maybe she will pay you back when she has money. You just think, If you don’t lend her the money ，I’m afraid(that)you may lose this friend.

　　I believe everyone may have trouble in life and we should help each other. So when my friends need money, we should try to help them. Maybe we will get it back, or maybe we won’t. Sometimes making friends means you may get more on one hand and less on the other hand.

　　I hope it can help you.

　　Yours，

　　Liu Ming

　　 Sample 5：A letter on talking bus service in Beijing 英文书信(北京公共交通)

　　Dear Tony,

　　I am glad to know your grandpa is coming to Beijing.

　　Yes, your grandpa is right. The bus service in Beijing is really good now. There are more than 900 bus lines all over Beijing and bus can even take you to some small villages. Besides, special(yellow) seats are provided on buses. People do not have to spend a long time waiting for a bus and the tickets are very cheap.

　　I like taking a bus because I think it is comfortable and also good for our environment. So it is a good choice for your grandpa to travel by bus inBeijing.

　　If you have more questions, please ask me.

　　Yours,

　　Liu Jing

　　 Sample6 ： Pollution around us(保护环境)

　　In recent years our life is becoming better and better.

　　But our environment is becoming worse and worse. It’s very bad for our life. Now many people have air_conditioners and cars, they produce (give off ) waste gas. More and more trees are being cut down. There are so much sand on the earth (leaving only sand ) . We often see factories pour waste into rivers or lakes. Water in the river is quite dirty. We haven’t enough clean water to drink in cities. Now we are in danger. It’s very necessary and important to protect the environment well.

　　I think if everyone tries his best to protect the environment, the world will become much more beautiful , and our life will be better and better .

　　 Example 7: How to live a low-carbon life (如何低碳生活)

　　假定你是李华，最近你们班就“低碳”生活方式进行了讨论，你的美国朋友 Jack来信向你询问讨论情况，请你用英语写封回信，简单参照作文地带介绍的以下讨论结果：

　　1.节水节电;

　　2.垃圾分类;

　　3.少用纸巾，重拾手帕;

　　4.步行，骑自行车或乘坐公交车。

　　参考词汇：低碳low carbon ， 纸巾tissue ，垃圾分类sort out rubbishes ，手帕 handkerchief ， 电electricity

　　注意：词数60字左右(不含开头和结尾所给出的字数);可适当增加细节了，以使行文连贯;开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。

　　Dear Jack,

　　Thank you for your letter asking about our discussion on low carbon lifestyle. Here is something about it.

　　Everyone knows that we can do a lot of things in order to live a low-carbon life.

　　Firstly, we should save water and electricity. Secondly, we had better sortout rubbishes, which include recyclable and non_recyclable rubbishes. Thirdly, we could re_pick up our handkerchiefs, and use tissues as little as possible so we can stop more tress from cutting down. Last but not least, please try to walk if you have more free time, and ride bikes or take buses as often as possible.

　　Best wishes,

　　Li Bing

　　 Example 8： Shopping on the Internet 网购利弊

　　随着互联网的发展和普及，网络购物在中国也变得越来越普遍了，甚至已经成了我们日常生活的一部分了;相信同学们身边一定有不少同学已经通过网络进行购物了，比如*****网，京东商城等;但是网络购物究竟有何利弊呢? 请写一篇短文，谈谈网上购物的好处与坏处。

　　提示词汇：网上购物shopping on the Internet(online shopping) ， 京东商城360buy.com

　　Recently,we talk about advantages and disadvantages of shopping on the Internet. Some people think that it is very easy for us to go shopping online. The shops on Internet ,for example taobao.com, 360buy.com are open for almost 24 hours a day, so we can buy something we want at any time if we like. What’s more, we needn’t to wait for a long time.

　　However, others believe that we can only see the pictures on the Internetand can not touch or see them, It is difficult to say whether it is good or bad. We will have more problems when the things are not good. Besides, it is not a good news for some girls because they enjoy going shopping in the market with their friends.