英语学科知识与教学能力（高级中学）

语言/词汇/修辞学单选题专项（汇编）

1.Which of the following is the feature shared by the English phonemes /m/ and /p/?

A.V oiced

B. Voiceless

C. Bilabial

D. Dental

2.Which of the following is true of English sound system?

A.Aspiration is a distinctive feature.

B.V oicing is a distinctive phonetic feature.

C.Nasalization of vowels gives rise to another vowel

D.Length of vowels differentiates one vowel from the other.

3.What rhetoric device is used in the sentence “This is a successful failure”?

A.Simile

B. Metonymy

C. Metaphor

D. Oxymoron

4.The expression “As far as I know…” suggests that people usually observe the Maxim of

_______ in their daily conversations.

A.Quantity

B. Quality

C. Relevance

D. Manner

5.The pair of English phonemes ________ differs in the manner of articulation.

A./k/ and /t/

B. /d/ and /g/

C. /s/ and /z/

D. /t/ and /s/

6.Which of the following shows the proper rhythmic pattern of the sentence?

A.This is a 'question for 'Doctor 'Carrington

B.This is 'a 'question for 'Doctor Carrington

C.This is a 'question 'for Doctor 'Carrington

D.This 'is a 'question for 'Doctor 'Carrington

7.The pair “________” are dialectal synonyms in British and American English.

A.tap and faucet

B. stroll and trot

C. liberty and freedom

D. statesman and politician

8.Which of the following might be Jane’s primary concern when she sincerely asks her friend

“Does your farm contain 500 acres”?

A. Quantity maxim

B. Quality maxim

C. Relation maxim

D. Manner maxim

9.Which of the following is correct in its use of punctuation?

A.The teacher asked, “Who said, ‘Give me liberty or give me death’?”

B.The teacher asked, “Who said, ‘Give me liberty or give me death?’”

C.T he teacher asked, “Who said ‘Give me liberty or give me death’”?

D.T he teacher asked, “Who said ‘Give me liberty or give me death’?”

10.The pair of English phonemes ________ differ in the place of articulation.

A./? / and /? /

B. /θ/ and /e /

C. / d / and / z /

D. / m / and / n /

11.There are _______ consonant clusters in the sentence “Brian, I apprec iate beautiful scarf you

brought me.”

A.two

B. three

C. four

D. five

12.When saying “It’s noisy outside” to get someone to close the window, the speaker intends to

perform a(an) _______.

A.direct speech act

B.locutionary act

C.indirect speech act

D.perlocutionary act

13.That a Japanese child adopted at birth by an American couple will grow up speaking English

indicates _______ of human language.

A.duality

B.cultural transmission

C.arbitrariness

D.cognitive creativity

14.In English, the aspirated [p h] and the unaspirated [p] are ________.

A.minimal pairs

B. in phonemic contrast

C. two distinctive phonemes

D. in complementary distribution

15./ s / and / θ/ can be distinguished by ________.

A.manner of articulation

B. place of articulation

C. vibration of the vocal cords

D. aspiration of articulation

16._________ makes it possible for language users to overcome the limitations of time and

space in communication.

A.Arbitrariness

B. Duality

C. Productivity

D. Displacement

17.The sense relation for the following pair of sentences is that ________.

X: Mary’s pet cat was stolen.

Y: Marry has a pet cat.

A.X entails Y

B. X presupposes Y

C. X is inconsistent with Y

D. X is synonymous with Y

18.Which of the following shows the proper pronunciation of “whose” in the sentence “In

America, Li stayed in a family whose landlady could help him with his English”?

A./hus/

B. /huz/

C. /hu:s/

D. /hu:z/

19.In terms of the place of articulation, /t//d//s//z//n/ are all _______.

A.palatal

B. alveolar

C. bilabial

D. dental

20.In ordinary conversations, participants are expected, first of all, to _______, otherwise,

communication would break down.

A.stand straight

B. coordinate

C. speak the truth

D. cooperate

21.The language used to describe the language itself is called _______.

A.paralanguage

B. special language

C. metalanguage

D. interlanguage

22.Which of the following is the proper pronunciation of “have to” as a result of assimilation?

A./hef tu/

B. /hev tu/

C. /h?f tu/

D. /h?v tu/

23.Which of the following shows the proper rhythmical pattern of the sentence?

A.'Come to 'see us at our 'new a'partment.

B.'Come to 'see us at 'our new 'apartment.

C.'Come to 'see us 'at our 'new 'apartment.

D.'Come to 'see us 'at our 'new a'partment.

24.When any of the maxims under t he Cooperative Principle in flouted on purpose,

_________ might arise.

A.ambiguous structure

B. contradictory proposition

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;

②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;

中小学英语教学应该怎样对待美式英语和英式英语的差别 既然有人提到这个问题，我就把我所知道的讲讲。标准现代英式英语（简称英语）和标准美式英语（简称美语）的区别说大不大，说小也不小，但是两者互相理解没有任何实质性的问题。此文的目的是对两者的区别进行一个大概的比较，给有兴趣的朋友一个参考，但并不能作为学习另一种口音的教材。其中也漏洞百出，若有不尽之处，还请高人指正补充。 元音： 英语和美语的发音最大的区别之一在它们对浑元音（schwa，音标中的倒写e,）的处理。英 语中，浑元音在单元音中常通发生在一些非重读的短音 a （如about）和短音er（如computer）上。美语中的er很少为浑元音，并有时对短音i （如sen time ntal,actuality ）和u （如wuss）, 甚至短音的oo（如：hooker）采用了浑元音。（这四个例子在英语中的发音分别为[i], [i], [u:], [u] ）浑元音的读音是不定的）但是听起来差不多像一个急促的介于“俄”和“啊”的发音。 英语和美语的发音最具代表性的区别是对er的发音的不同。英语中，短音的er是如上所述 的浑元音）但长音的er 也不过是个拉长了的浑元音）听起来是一个很夸张的介于“俄”和 “啊”的声音。而美语中，er听起来怎么都是个“儿”音（例外是一些俗语中发成浑元音）。 ar：除了轻读短音（如singular）和者后连元音（如clarity）,英语的ar全部清一色的长音[a:], 而美语中）是“阿尔” 。事实上）凡是有r 在一个音节尾部的时候）美英发音通常都是不一样的，如tour （英：吐啊，美：吐儿），tear（英：踢啊，美：踢儿）,pair （英：pe啊，美：pe 儿）。甚至在刚才提到的clarity中，英语['kleriti],美语['kle儿r（er）ti] 元音的发音中还有一个比较重要的区别。一是[o]音：短音的o （如often）,英语中发音仅仅 为一个缩短了的长音o （如or）,而美式的短音o听起来和英语的短音[八]很像，同时长音o 后面如果有r都通常像上一段里说的那样儿化了，没有的话（如plausible, applause）就自动变成了一个短音的o的发音。 另外对u, i和其他元音组合的浑元音化，前面提到了一些，其他就靠大家自己体会了。 辅音： 英语的辅音和美语的辅音是基本一样的，但在使用习惯上有些差别。比较重要的也只有以下两个： r :字母r简直是代表了英美两国的所有差别，到处都是它。在做辅音时，其实差别也就是 当r在第一个词的词尾，而第二个词以元音开头，英语把r完全当作元音处理，而美语会把 r连读当作后面一个词的开头元音的辅音，如词组clear animosity，英语会读成clear|animosity，而美语会读成clear-ranimosity 。 另一个比较明显的区别是d和t。在一部分非重读音节中（如paddle，rattle, actuality），英语 会清楚地发音这两个字母，但在美语中 d 和t 常常会被模糊成一个很难解释的音，跟其它的语言比较，如果你知道西班牙语或者意大利语，它跟短弹音r 很接近;如果你懂日语，那么行的辅音很像。如果你都不知道，那么最接近的解释就是边音I 了，但是差了那

《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II．判断(15×1?=15?) III．填空(10×1?=10?) IV．术语解释(5×2? =10?) V．简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.

Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学 知识点： 1.*Definition: pragmatics; context 2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning 3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory 4.Searle’s classification of speech acts 5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle 考核目标： 识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context 领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts 综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle 一、定义 1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。) 2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。一般认为他是由言者和听者的共享知识所构成的。 二、知识点 6.1.2 pragmatics vs. semantics语用学与语义学 二十世纪初，Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics 一书的出版标志着现代语言学研究的开始，同时也为现代语言学奠定了基础调，即语言应该作为一个独立的，内在的系统来加以研究。 语用学和语义学既有相关性又有相异性。两者都是对意义的研究。传统语义学把语义看成是抽象的，内在的，是语言本身的特性，不受语境的影响。因此传统语义学只研究语义的内在特征，不把语义研究置于语境中来考察。语用学研究的是交际过程中语言意义的表达和理解。语用学家认为不把意义放在语境中来考虑就不可能对语义进行充分的描述，因此在研究语义时是否考虑语境便成了传统语义学和语用学的根本区别所在。 Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分 Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic difference between them is that pragmatics considers meaning in context, traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.

中小学英语教学与研究 每次看《中小学英语教学与研究》这本书，总有不同的感受，却越来越深地感受到兴趣才是学习的快乐之泉。每期里面都有专家学者对如何加强英语教学的研究、探讨和思考，许多新观点、新举措立足点高，理论指导性强，在一定程度上对中小学英语教师开展教学与研究，提高教育教学质量效益，具有很好的帮带作用。这些优秀教师总结出来的教学心得、体会、及那些生动具体的案列让我受益匪浅。 语言这东西，不是随便可以学好的，学习本族语如此，学习英语更是如此。只有学生热爱你的学科，他们才能学有所得，相反，则只是应付。这就靠教师发挥其魅力，去点燃起学生对自己的学科的热爱的火花，只有这样每一个孩子的天赋素质才能得到发展，最终学有所成。 兴趣是第一老师。所以能激发学生学习的兴趣是转化学困生最重要的策略，学困生上课时注意力不够集中，所以我上课时尽量将教材化难为易，精讲多练。后进生由于羞怯心理往往怕开口，我尽量将难易适度的问题去问他们；叫他们到黑板上写有把握的句子；朗读事先已读过多遍的课文；让他们得到最多的体验成功的机会。这是从学生的心理需求来激发他们内在的学习欲望。为了加强学困生上课的注意力，我常结合课文做些游戏，讲些有趣的英语小故事等，课堂上将尖子生和学困生搭配起来，采取集体，小组，双人，个别活动训练，凝聚学生的注意力，调节他们的情绪；有时我就用一些小幽默渲染课堂气氛，唤起他们的注意，尽量用较短的时间讲完，让学生在和谐轻松的气氛中学习。做到从外在创设种种条件激发他们的学习动力。 教学中要给学生提供较好的说讲英语的宽松、民主、和谐的环境，教师要做到面对全体，尊重、爱护学生，组织形式多样的英语活动，而且能够让每一位学生都是参与者，让学生们自由地运用英语，发挥他们的想象力，培养学生综合语言运用能力和创造能力。在功利主义的驱使下，我们在教学中往往会忘却“爱心、耐心”等一些不该失却的东西。教师要实实在在做到尊重学生，建立平等的师生关系，真正站在关心他们成长进步的立场上，和他们一起共度难关。要以爱心抚慰他们的心灵，让学困生能够感受到集体的温暖，感受到自己在班上有一席之地；要以诚心赢得他们的信任，为他们提供展示自身价值、树立自尊形象的舞台；要以耐心期待他们转化，不断肯定他们新的行为模式和进步表现，逐渐使他们从旧的习惯中解放出来，从而培养起良好的行为习惯。例如有位学困生的英语成绩很差，但在表演上很富有情感，我就帮他提前预习新课中的对话，并上课时叫他表演，大大的满足了他的表演天赋，还学会了一两句英语句子，增强了以后他对外语的信心和兴趣。 我感到《中小学英语教学与研究》这种杂志是很值得我们中小学英语教师阅读的。如果我们能真正学习好、运用好这本杂志，必将能帮助我们在教学实践中理清教学重点、丰富教学经验、增强理论素养、剖析知识难点、提高教学质量；更能提高自己的“内功”。

一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求 （一）课程性质和特点 《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。 （二）本课程的基本要求 本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。 （三）本课程与相关课程的联系 英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。 在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。 二、课程内容与考核目标

Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇

中小学英语教学衔接A、B、C 戚墅堰区英语教研员高伟 从2005年以来，我区初一学生来源56%以上是外来民工子女。有的学生根本小学没学过英语。《牛津英语》词汇量大，是以往同期教材的几倍，这么多的生词，在进行课堂词汇教学时，只能赶进度灌输，而学生则边学边忘，很多都还给了老师，好像什么也没有落实，如何过好词汇关？初一年级的学生中就已经出现了多级分化，在课堂上如何做到提优补差？如何继续维持学生在小学时学习英语的兴趣？经过我们几年教学探索和实践，现在对这四个问题的解决有所领悟。 一、“关注英语零起点落实英语新课标追求课堂高效” 多年以来我室一直重视中小学英语衔接教学，区内中小学结成对子，经常互相听课研讨，小学高年级教师了解中学起始阶段英语教学的要求，关注音标教学以及语言技能培养；中学教师注意激发和维持学生的学习兴趣和培养学生的学习习惯，对小学的重点知识进行归纳复习，并在板书、课堂指令语等方面做好衔接，避免了断层或重复，使学生的初中学习有良好的开端。初中学习开始后，教师特别关注英语零起点、低起点的学生在七年级起始年级的学习。为此区教研室统一在教学内容、教学方法、教学进度、时态的教授、习惯的培养、学生心理和评价方式等方面进行大胆改革。使英语零起点、低起点的学生在七年级起始年级的学习中打好基础。 二、培养良好的学习习惯。在衔接教学中，对于初一学生，着重注意以下几个方面习惯的培养： (１) 朗读背诵的习惯：这对于有一定基础的学生来说，并非难事。但个别学则不然，我们就采用多种方法激励他们，如建立背书小组，开展比赛活动，上课时从词到句、到段分层次逐步练习，直到烂熟于心、脱口而出。 (２) 养成自默的习惯：每天在家中默写10个单词，并自己批改后，有错误的单词订正1遍，放在当天要交的作业本中。教师只要求他们能够做到真实默写，正确率暂时不强调。关键是养成一种好的自学习惯，更是要有一种诚信的意识，然后教师对默写正确率较高的学生就进行表扬，激励他们今后做得更好，但不批评那些默写过，但正确率不高的学生，毕竟他也默写了，而且没有作弊，已经是

★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual. ★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. Chapter2 Phonology ★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. ★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔 ★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~) ★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented. ★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.) Chapter3 Morphology ★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,

英语语言学基础知识 一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征 几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要 研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是 语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the