英语构词法的规律 |
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英语构词法的规律
A.词缀法(affixation)构词占30%—40%:通常为词根加前、后缀而增加的新词。 前缀法: a.否定前缀:apolitical disloyal immature non-smoker irresistible incapable b.贬义前缀:maltreat mistrust misconduct c.程度前缀:extra-strong micro-control macro-control super-sonic submarine ultrasound underdeveloped overweight d.方向前缀:anti-government pro-American e.方位前缀:international forehead trans-world f.时续前缀:ex-president postgraduate prepared g.数字前缀:uniform bicycle triangle quadrilateral multi-national 后缀法: a.名词变名词:cigarette teenager hostess adulthood friendship b.动词变名词:trainee assistant dependent user protection decision saving c.形容词变名词:happiness freedom modernism d.名词变形容词:national Australian Chinese childish priceless famous economical workable active permissible e.副词词尾:naturally homeward clockwise
B.复合法(compounding)构词占28%—30%:通过词根相加而增加新词。 a.分开式:black market green hand fine art red tape b.合写式:deadline blueprint c.作名词:toothache outbreak have-not d.作形容词:law-breaking far-fetched four-leg e.做动词:nickname lip-read chain-smoke f.临时造词:an I-don’t –care-damn attitude
C.转化法(conversion)构词占26%:通过词性的转换而增加新词。 a.动词转名词:doubt want desire love laugh find buy cheat cover wrap pass walk move b.形容词转名词:(全转换)white native final drinkable (部分转换)the woulded the young the rich c.名词转动词:to pocket the money to oil the machine to knife the steak to nurse the children d.形容词转动词:The photo yellowed with age. e.其他: ups and downs ins and outs
D.缩略法(shortening)占8%——10%: a. 截短法(clipping)—裁减单词的一部分、保留一部分:quake=earthquake dorm=dormitory flu=influenza pop=popular music b. 首字母缩略词(acronym)——将两个以上单词的首字母合成新单词:VOA=Voice of America BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation PIN=personal identification number Nato=North Atlantic Treaty Organization E.拼缀法(blending)占1%——5%:通过将两个词的一部分合成一个而增加新词。 a.首、尾相加:motel=motor+hotel chunnel=channel+tunnel b.词、尾相加:bookmobile=book+automobile c.首、首相加:comsat=communication+satellite sitcom=situation+comedy d.首、词相加:medicare=medical care Eurasia=Europe+Asia F.逆成法(backformation):和词缀法正好相反。词缀法借用词缀构成新词,而逆成法则去掉被误认的后缀构成新词。televise(先有television) hawk (hawker) sculpt (sculptor) .形成逆成词的原型词可分成以下三类: a. 名词 往往以er,or,ar,ion,ing结尾 Stoke/stoker burgle/burglar edit/editor emote/emotion air-condition /air-conditioning b. 形容词 peeve/peevish gloom/gloomy cose/cosy c. 以副词后缀-ling结尾的词 sidle/sidling grovel/groveling
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