ubuntu系统查看内核，升级内核，删除内核，切换内核 |
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ubuntu系统查看内核，升级内核，删除内核，切换内核
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问题描述：NVIDIA-SMI has failed because it couldn‘t communicate with the NVIDIA driver
当我们重启ubuntu系统之后，使用nvidia-smi命令查看GPU使用情况时，有时候会出现“NVIDIA-SMI has failed because it couldn‘t communicate with the NVIDIA driver”错误，这很可能是内核版本更新的问题，导致新版本内核和原来显卡驱动不匹配！ Linux Kernel Kernel 是与计算机硬件接口的易替换软件的最低级别。它负责将所有以“用户模式”运行的应用程序连接到物理硬件，并允许称为服务器的进程使用进程间通信(IPC)彼此获取信息。
解决方案：切换到原来的内核版本 1. 查看内核列表 sudo dpkg --get-selections |grep linux-image
2. 查看当前使用的内核 ->uname uname -r
或者： ->/proc/version /proc目录包含虚拟文件，其中包含有关系统内存，CPU内核，已安装文件系统等的信息。有关正在运行的内核的信息存储在/proc/version虚拟文件中。 cat /proc/version
3. 删除内核 tips：删除当前版本重启会使用低一级的已安装内核, 如果是最后一个内核版本删除之后重启会进入ＢＩＯＳ界面 sudo apt-get remove linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic
使用以下命令进行自动清理： sudo apt autoremove
这个时候再去查看内核列表，就会发现 linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic变成deinstall的状态了：
注意（这是一个补充的情况）： 有时候你需要同时删除包含unsigned的版本才行，不然它会相互替换使用而无法切换到你想要的旧版本： sudo apt remove linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic看下面的处理过程就能明白（我想用的版本是linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic，与上面的例子不同情况）： mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo dpkg --get-selections |grep linux-image linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic install linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic install linux-image-5.8.0-43-generic deinstall linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic deinstall mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo apt remove linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic Suggested packages: fdutils linux-doc | linux-hwe-5.15-source-5.15.0 linux-hwe-5.15-tools linux-modules-extra-5.15.0-53-generic The following packages will be REMOVED: linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic The following NEW packages will be installed: linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 1 to remove and 185 not upgraded. Need to get 0 B/11.6 MB of archives. After this operation, 447 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y dpkg: linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic: dependency problems, but removing anyway as you requested: linux-modules-5.15.0-53-generic depends on linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic | linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic; however: Package linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic is to be removed. Package linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic is not installed. (Reading database ... 165303 files and directories currently installed.) Removing linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... W: Removing the running kernel I: /boot/vmlinuz is now a symlink to vmlinuz-5.15.0-52-generic I: /boot/initrd.img is now a symlink to initrd.img-5.15.0-52-generic /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-53-generic /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-52-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-52-generic done Selecting previously unselected package linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic. (Reading database ... 165299 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic_5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1_amd64.deb ... Unpacking linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... Setting up linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... I: /boot/vmlinuz is now a symlink to vmlinuz-5.15.0-53-generic I: /boot/initrd.img is now a symlink to initrd.img-5.15.0-53-generic Processing triggers for linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-53-generic /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-53-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-53-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-52-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-52-generic done mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo dpkg --get-selections |grep linux-image linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic install linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic deinstall linux-image-5.8.0-43-generic deinstall linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic install mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ vim /etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo apt remove linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package 'linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic' is not installed, so not removed The following packages will be REMOVED: linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic linux-modules-5.15.0-53-generic 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 2 to remove and 185 not upgraded. After this operation, 130 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y (Reading database ... 165303 files and directories currently installed.) Removing linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... W: Removing the running kernel I: /boot/vmlinuz is now a symlink to vmlinuz-5.15.0-52-generic I: /boot/initrd.img is now a symlink to initrd.img-5.15.0-52-generic /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-53-generic /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-52-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-52-generic done Removing linux-modules-5.15.0-53-generic (5.15.0-53.59~20.04.1) ... mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo dpkg --get-selections |grep linux-image linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic install linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic deinstall linux-image-5.8.0-43-generic deinstall linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic deinstall4.查看内核的启动顺序 grep menuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg
备注：假如不小心配置修改错误，可以在重启电脑后进入Minimal BASH-like line editing界面，可以输入下面指令显示出启动的图形界面： grub>normal5.Ubuntu设置开机默认内核
6. Ubuntu关闭自动更新 1）命令行关闭系统自动更新，使用命令打开文件并编辑（将双引号中的“1”全部置“0”即可，修改后保存）： mulan@mulan-PowerEdge-R7525:~$ sudo vim /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/10periodic APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "0"; APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "0"; APT::Periodic::AutocleanInterval "0"; APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "0";2）图形界面来关闭自动更新，找到软件更新(Software & Updates)
3）ubuntu默认启动了自动更新内核，为了避免出现重启系统后遇到错误进入不到系统中去，我们可以进一步关闭内核更新，使用当前内核。 sudo apt-mark hold linux-image-5.15.0-48-generic
如果要重启启动内核更新，对应执行unhold就可以了。 禁止系统更新，一般用的第二种方法发现有时候不起作用，为了保险起见，建议以上三种都进行设置！
参考：解决NVIDIA-SMI has failed because it couldn‘t communicate with the NVIDIA driver
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