The genetic algorithm works on the evolutionary generational cycle to generate high-quality solutions. These algorithms use different operations that either enhance or replace the population to give an improved fit solution.

It basically involves five phases to solve the complex optimization problems, which are given as below:

The process of a genetic algorithm starts by generating the set of individuals, which is called population. Here each individual is the solution for the given problem. An individual contains or is characterized by a set of parameters called Genes. Genes are combined into a string and generate chromosomes, which is the solution to the problem. One of the most popular techniques for initialization is the use of random binary strings.

Fitness function is used to determine how fit an individual is? It means the ability of an individual to compete with other individuals. In every iteration, individuals are evaluated based on their fitness function. The fitness function provides a fitness score to each individual. This score further determines the probability of being selected for reproduction. The high the fitness score, the more chances of getting selected for reproduction.

The selection phase involves the selection of individuals for the reproduction of offspring. All the selected individuals are then arranged in a pair of two to increase reproduction. Then these individuals transfer their genes to the next generation.

There are three types of Selection methods available, which are:

After the selection process, the creation of a child occurs in the reproduction step. In this step, the genetic algorithm uses two variation operators that are applied to the parent population. The two operators involved in the reproduction phase are given below:

• Crossover: The crossover plays a most significant role in the reproduction phase of the genetic algorithm. In this process, a crossover point is selected at random within the genes. Then the crossover operator swaps genetic information of two parents from the current generation to produce a new individual representing the offspring.

The genes of parents are exchanged among themselves until the crossover point is met. These newly generated offspring are added to the population. This process is also called or crossover. Types of crossover styles available:

• Mutation

The mutation operator inserts random genes in the offspring (new child) to maintain the diversity in the population. It can be done by flipping some bits in the chromosomes. Mutation helps in solving the issue of premature convergence and enhances diversification. The below image shows the mutation process: Types of mutation styles available,

After the reproduction phase, a stopping criterion is applied as a base for termination. The algorithm terminates after the threshold fitness solution is reached. It will identify the final solution as the best solution in the population.